The Most Poisonous Chemical Compounds

The Most Poisonous Chemical Compounds When you get right down to it, everything is poisonous. Water will kill you if you drink too much of it. Oxygen is a deadly poison, yet we need it to live. However, there are some chemicals that we are better off not encountering. Heres a list of the most poisonous chemicals known. Keep in mind, toxicity varies from one species to another (i.e., what may be poisonous for a mouse may be more/less poisonous to a human) and within a species (i.e., age, sex, genetics all affect susceptibility to a toxin). Ive listed the name of the toxin, its source, approximate average lethal dose per kilogram of body weight (LD50), and the species. Tetanus:Â  1 nanogram/kg mouse, humanBotulinal neurotoxin (bacteria):Â  1 nanogram/kg mouse, humanShigella (bacteria):Â  1 nanogram/kg monkey, humanPalytoxin (coral):Â  60 nanogram/kg dog (iv)Diphtheria (bacteria):Â  100 nanogram/kg humanRicin (from castor beans): 1 microgram/kg humanAflatoxins (mold which grows on nuts, legumes, seeds): 1-784 micrograms, depending on type of aflatoxin duckling (oral)Shigella (bacteria) 1 microgram/kg mouseSaxitoxin (shellfish) 3-5 micrograms mouse (iv), about 50x higher dose orallyTetrodotoxin (fugu pufferfish) 10 micrograms mouse (ip)Diphtheria (bacteria) 1.6 milligram/kg mouse Sources Merck Index, 11th Ed., S. Budavari et al. (editors), Merck (1989) ISBN 911910-28-XMcGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 2nd Ed., McGraw Hill (1989) ISBN 0-07-045512-0, CD-ROM

Where to Buy Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate

Where to Buy Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate Copper sulfate pentahydrate (also known as copper sulphate pentahydrate or simply copper sulfate or copper sulphate) is the chemical used to grow bright blue copper sulfate crystals. Its easy to find online, but there are shipping restrictions to some locations, plus the weight of the chemical typically makes shipping comparable to the price of the chemical. Fortunately, copper sulfate is a useful chemical that you may be able to find in a store... if you know where to look. Stores That Sell Copper Sulfate I found copper sulfate at Home Depot as Zep Root Killer, which is labeled as copper sulfate pentahydrate and is sold with septic tank and drain cleaning chemicals (not with other garden root killers or with other plumbing chemicals). This product contains solid granules of copper sulfate. Its very easy to work with. If you wish to use it to grow crystals, dissolve it in hot water and then use a coffee filter to remove large impurities. Less commonly, you can find copper sulfate granules sold as an algicide for ponds. Ask for an algicide solid or powder and make certain the product is labeled as copper sulfate or copper sulfate pentahydrate. Its fairly easy to find copper sulfate solutions, but youll probably need to evaporate off some water to get the concentration you need.

Family nursing diagnoses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family nursing diagnoses - Essay Example The X family united 10 years ago through a family friend. The blended family also lives with JK’s brother who assisted her in parenting the two kids (PT and MM). The two parents in X family hold various positions in the society as JK is a social worker while ST is a retired serviceman. The children in X family have an age difference of 3 years with close bounds to JK who is the mother. MM is a first born girl in the family who helps the family meet the daily needs by working at a local restaurant. PT is a second born boy child who studies at a local college within the environments of the X family. The family’s description is a closely related association as every family member works towards improving the family life. Jean Watson’s theory focuses on the holistic provision of human caring services related to a given public. The defining pillars of the theory focus majorly on caring transactions based on caring relationship that is effective for public health. As such, the patient care is of central focus defining the relationship between a member of a given society and the medical practitioner specifically the nurse. Human services are of significance under Jean Watson’s theory due to the elaborated action plan of public health contentment. The theory also is noteworthy in public health due to the specifications on personal health by the nursing professionals. The interaction segment provides moral support to the patients within various aspects of life. The story sharing structure is a significant provision for the community health programs (Schnabel et al., 2014). Jean Watson’s theory identifies the significance of enhancing a patient to nurse relationship based on optimal re sults. The possible nursing diagnoses for family X include a stress tolerance program. The suggested program is effective in dealing with post-trauma complications that could arise from the family

Airplane Crash Survival Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Airplane Crash Survival - Assignment Example This research will begin with the list of item collected. The pilot who was among the survivors instructed how to gather all items that had been left after the crush, and listed them down in the order of importance. The items were listed as follows; newspaper for starting fire, liquid lighter for lighting fire, small axe for cutting woods, can of coconut oil and large chocolate bars, which would provide food, a map and compass for direction, extra shirts and pants for the extreme weather. Additionally, large heavy-duty canvas for making a tent, red lipstick for marking the map, lastly the batteries and toothpaste for freshening. After the survival of the plane crush, the pilot stressed that they had to work as team in order to survive in the jungle. Their Primary objective was to survive the extremely cold and snowing weather whilst trying to find help. The author was tasked with the responsibility of fetching woods and setting up fire, while his teammates were tasked with erecting a tent using the large piece of canvas. The following day, their focus shifted to finding help. According to the map that they collected after plane crush, the nearest town was 20 km away. The team tasked the author with role of reading the map and the compass in locating the nearest town since he had some background knowledge in surveying and navigation, while his teammates cleared the bushy forest for their passage.... Concerning leadership, the activity exhibited the fundamental role of leadership in an organization. The presence of a leader, who was the pilot, ensured effective delegation of tasks and provision of guidance in attaining the set objective. The STAR team model The performance of the pilot, the team leader together with the activities of the team members can further be explained with the STAR team model. According to Maginn, the STAR team model seeks to identify what a team leader and team need to focus on. The model combines various teamwork theories such as those proposed in the Tuckman’s model, leadership theories, and theories relating to the surrounding of the team and teamwork (pg 155- 160). The STAR team model focuses on an individual’s strength with the objective to enable the individual attain his/her goals leading to happiness. Thus, the application of the model ensures teamwork, which results to flourishing of individual as they use and develop their strength s. In our activity, the pilot assigned tasks to each survivor based on his or her strengths, which ensured attainment of the set goal. The model also explained that coming together of individual strengths and teamwork creates natural flow of performance and results, which are rewarding to the team. Contribution of members to the outcome of the activity Though every member executed distinctive tasks, the tasks culminated into the success of the team. Specifically my contributions were collection of firewood and lighting of the night fire. I further ensured that the fire kept burning through the night to scare away wild beasts. In addition, my expertise in map and compass reading enabled the team to find the location of the nearest town. Shortcoming in the leadership and

A Problem Critical to the Education in the 21st Century Essay Example for Free

A Problem Critical to the Education in the 21st Century Essay In the 21st century I believe that inequitable opportunity is the most critical education problem. Inequitable opportunity impacts people of different racial backgrounds in various ways. It limits the knowledge a student receives, the rate at which they learn, funds available to the school, the students ability to succeed in the workforce upon graduating, it even affects the knowledge or lack of knowledge a student learns at home. Though this may affect the teaching staff in ways, minorities from a lower income family are the ones impacted most. These students often fail because they are not prepared for success. Students from a lower social class have fewer resources available to them; therefore they do not make it to the top. Schools in poverty stricken areas receive less funding, and this severely impacts the students. The school is unable to provide students with up to date technology, and the resources needed to compete with their peers from more privileged backgrounds. The school will not be able to provide ESL classes for Latino students. Students will more than likely drop out; the ones who actually manage to graduate will probably be less qualified to perform essential job duties. These students will not be as knowledgeable because they may be using outdated texts, and they are not able to learn how to fully utilize technology needed to survive in today’s workforce. Schools that are in a low income neighborhood do not have modern buildings, the school buildings are very out dated. The air conditioning and heating may not be working properly creating a very uncomfortable learning environment. This may discourage students from wanting to go to school and it definitely does not attract quality faculty. Another issue that impacts the student severely is the lack of parent participation in the education process. This is crucial to the development of the child from a very early age; it is imperative that a parent be involved in preparing their child for life, as well as reinforcing things learned at school. Education starts at home and moves to the public arena where social interaction, behavior skills and knowledge are enhanced. Poor parent participation may be the result of work schedules, transportation issues, language barriers, or suitable clothing. Once again children from low- income families suffer the most. Both parents may have to work just to pay the bills, and in some situations there is just one parent, forcing some students to help care of siblings at after school when they should be focusing on homework or studying. As the child ages less attention will be paid to the individual as class size increases, the number of teachers increase with diverse classes, and overall s ize of the school grows. At this point the child will need extra help completing assignments and requiring encouragement to continue the education process consistently and for the duration through some college. The parent is not exempt from the learning process because of inadequacy or exempt because of poor education. As briefly mentioned earlier, in this setting the teaching staff is likely to be under qualified, once again this impacts the student. By the teaching staff not being qualified the type of skill the students will learn will not be up to par. Classroom Managers should also be aware of how they are engaging their students. They should have high expectations of all of their students. There seems to be a lot of racial stereotyping in minority communities. Teachers should know that all Asian students aren’t smart and that all African American students inferior learners. If teachers establish a high expectation of learning from all of their students and expect all of their students to do well then those expectations will be seen by the student. Students are then able to work at their highest potential and are not limited; a teacher should believe that all students are capable of learning at a higher level. The teacher of the 21st Century need to be more culturally responsible and they need to be more aware of what is going on in the classroom. Educators need to be trained in a way that is going to be more beneficial to the educational process as a whole. For example if a teacher has a classroom where the majority of the students are not being successful then that teacher and/ or teaching techniques should be reevaluated. The classroom is not a place where a student is just given work to perform and the teacher is detached, the classroom of the 21st century needs to be an interactive classroom where teachers and students comes together to share ideas, and engage each other in the learning process. Unless a Teacher can step out of the conventional box and begin to assess themselves and what they actually bring to the classroom, it will not evolve. Teachers should interact with students on a more personal level in the classroom and get to know their students as individuals; some children can get lost in the classroom for a number of reasons; including personal problems at home, and learning disabilities. By being involved more with the student’s teachers are better to adapt to a student that is having problems because they are unable to read well, or a student that is simply having problems seeing the board. Without establishing some type of a relationship with the children it is very hard for a teacher to recognize the problems students are having and how to effectively deal with these problems. Just because a student is unable to keep up with fashion, technology receives free lunch does not mean that this student does not have the ability or the will to learn. There are successful people that grew up in poverty, and have gained success through hard work and education. Everyone should have the same opportunity to receive quality education. Students are taught that education is the key to success, so how can one succeed when the education is not equal to their peers, the ones they will be competing against for their spot in the future. Education is the poor man’s dream to a better life. With minorities and Latinos making up a large amount of students in school the effects of inequitable opportunities has a larger impact on them. Students who come from an inferior social-economic level are just as motivated as students who come from a higher social class. You have Latinos who hardly speak English and are attending schools that are incapable of accommodating them; therefore they do not earn a degree and are forced to take a low paying job. â€Å"Status† may have an impact on a student in a social environment, but in the educational system this should not be a factor. The students from a lower social class are being prepared for failure, while the students from a higher social class are being prepared for success. In the 21st century I believe that inequitable opportunity is the most critical education problem. Recognizing the problem is the first step, however we as a society need to find solution on how to better level the playing field in the educational comm unity in order to make schools work for everyone. One thing we can to is to not only encourage proper funding for schools in low income areas but to also make sure that this funding get appropriated to do what is needed in order to make sure that the children have a proper learning environment. Bills and referendums continue to be passed in education s in order to make sure that schools are up to par but sometimes this money does not get to the prosper schools. Some schools get new buildings and a/c systems while other schools just get paint. We need to come together to demand to our elected officials that something be done about the conditions of certain schools. We need to make sure that these school schools have the materials that they need in order for them to produce successful students. Books need to be provided to every student not only in class but also at home as a reference for homework and studying. Computers need to be provided in these schools so that the students don’t fall behind on technology and become inferior to their peers. We elect these officials and we need to demand that they begin to look out for the betterment of our schools. We should go online and see how they are voting on the issues that affect us. If they are not pushing the type of educational reform that we need in our communities and in our school then we need to elect someone who will. Parents need to become more involved in their students learning. We must understand that a lot of parents are working, and most low income households are being led by a single parent; we need to find a way to get these parents involved to help their children so that they don’t continue to fall behind. Even if it’s just educating them on the process of following up with their elected officials and making sure they vote and their vote counted and is heard. Opening up the schools for parent participation and PTO and PTA meeting on a weekend rather than on a school night would make it easier for parents to become more involved. Also, schools could try social networking, and sending up dates to parents Facebook or Twitter pages to keep them up on what’s going on in the schools. This is a new era and the American household has changed and the educational sytem needs to keep up in order to keep these parents involved and up to date on what’s going in their child’s school. Teacher also need to be developed in the classroom and become more responsible for what is going on and have high expectations for all of their students. This will ensure that all student as are working to their best ability to learn. This can be done by giving existing teachers additional training and giving new teachers the training they need to be successful in the 21st century classroom.

Radar Detector :: Speeding Driving Technology Essays

Radar Detector Every person has a tendency to speed while they are driving. But most people still drive slowly because nobody wants to get a speeding ticket. But now, during the development of technology, people invented something called the radar detector, which can avoid you from getting caught while you are driving over speed. In this paper, I want to talk about the Passport 8500 X50 comparing to the Valentine One and Bel 985, which is known as the world’s best radar detector. Before trying to discuss this detector; it is important to know either the history of the radar detector or the difference of the police signals. Escort, the name of the organization that manufactures different varieties of radar detectors, developed passport 8500 X50. They have also developed Solo S2 (the best wireless radar detector) and Passport 7500 (cheaper, but has lower quality than Passport 8500). The use of radar detectors is prohibited only in Washington DC and Virginia. Any other states in the United States accept the use of radar detectors. This company has maintained its existence in the radar business for about 25 years. At first time, radar was used to tell a driver when construction was in the way of the driver so the driver could drive carefully. But nowadays, many road constructions don’t give off the signal to the radar detector and the driver uses the radar detector not to avoid the construction but to avoid the police. There are many different types of signals in this world, but only three signals that police use to detect speed. There are X, K, and Ka bands. The first signal that police used was the X band. It was used until the mid-1970s. Police of Ohio and New Jersey invested a lot of money in X band radar so even now; most police in those states still use this band. The second band is K band which was invented in 1976. Its frequency is twice as long as the X band. It means the accuracy is better in K band. The last band is Ka band. It has a better frequency than all other bands. Nowadays, the use of Ka band is relatively high. Most police use this band to catch people speeding. Passport 8500 X50 operates at X band in a frequency 10.525 GHz  ± 25 MHz, at K band in a frequency 24.

Sedentary Lifestyles

Sedentary Lifestyle Monyetta â€Å"Lashalle† Calhoun Advanced Composition July 29, 2012 Professor: Symmetris Gohanna What comes to mind when you hear the word potato? French fries, hash browns, a loaded baked potato from Wendy’s maybe. Or what about the term â€Å"couch potato? † This is the only form of potato that is on my list that is not good. Being a couch potato, or living a sedentary lifestyle, is not a healthy choice. Sedentary lifestyle is the term used to describe a lifestyle with little to no physical activity.The activities of a person living a sedentary lifestyle include reading, sitting, watching television, being on the computer, and playing video games for much of, if not, the entire day. The questions at hand is what are the reasons behind living a sedentary lifestyle, what health issues can come from it, and why this lifestyle is not healthy? The lack of physical activity is believed to be a factor of obesity; this can lead to bigger health issu es such as Type 2 diabetes. This lifestyle has also been associated with accelerated aging process and premature death.With other factors such as advanced technology and pure laziness, the sedentary lifestyle is climbing the charts to becoming the leading cause of death in the U. S. These effects of living a sedentary lifestyle are reasons you should get out and get active. Here is a simple math problem: unhealthy eating + no physical activity= a greater chance of obesity. Obesity is a major factor in developing Type 2 diabetes. Obesity is the medical term used to describe a person who has excessive body fat. It can be caused by unhealthy eating mixed with no physical activity.In some people, it is hereditary and others accumulate the excess body fat by living a sedentary lifestyle. It is not healthy to live such a lifestyle. Some of the blame goes to the person living the lifestyle but one could argue that technological advances also play a part in choosing to be a â€Å"couch pot ato. † Nowadays you have the opportunity to work from home, in front of a computer or laptop. Video game creators try to mask their involvement with exercise games such as Zumba and WiiFit but that does not always work. It is ok to be lazy from time to time and have time to rest but that is only if you are up and out and being active.To prevent obesity and possibly Type 2 diabetes, exercise. The exercise does not have to be strenuous but just enough to get you up and moving. Try walking around the park or neighborhood or be active with your kids. Just by exercising 30 minutes a day for at least 5 days out of the week you can prevent the health issues. Have you ever felt older than you really are? Bones cracking, laziness, and fatigue? Well where do your symptoms come from, excessive labor or hard core working out or are you just sitting down not doing anything while your body slowly deteriorates?People who live a sedentary lifestyle accelerate their aging process by living thi s lifestyle which can cause premature death. Being inactive influences and speeds up the aging process. It is said that individuals who are physically active during their leisure time appear to be biologically younger than those who live a sedentary lifestyle. By being inactive, muscle tissues are lost and muscle atrophy, which is the shrinking and weakening of the muscles, sends the body spiraling downwards. This includes all of the body’s systems and one becomes more prone to disease and physical injury.The function of the body is something like a dependency system. Physical strength and fitness is correlated with a strong immune system function, which is the bodies armor and defense system that protects us from disease and illness. It is sort of like parent and child. Once a baby is born, it cannot fend for itself so it depends on its parent to provide what it needs and protect it from any foul harm or danger. If the parent does not do what he or she is suppose to do for t he baby and not protect it, the baby will ultimately be taken from the parent whether by law or nature.It is the same thing with a person and their body. If the body is not taken care of, its chances of becoming ill is greater than the body of a person who is physically active. A reduction in strength and general weakness weakens the efficiency of the immune system increasing the risk of health issues accelerated aging process. No one wants to look or feel older than they really are. Do not just sit around and wait for somebody to do it for you. No one can do it but you. The first law of self-preservation is self-motivation.Think about it like this: the illness and health issues are not going to keep putting off hoping you will stop living a sedentary lifestyle, so why should you put off doing something active. Put the video gaming, television, and computer time to a minimum and use that time to get healthy, get in shape, and fight off those diseases. Physical activity is said to ma ke you feel young and also look the part. So why not get that couch potato up and start cooking and aiming towards living a healthy long life versus a unhealthy and sick life. Get up, get out, and get active!

The Price of Happiness

People all around the world work their hardest to ensure that they have a happy life for them and their families. Happiness as we know cannot be bought with money, but Ben L. Ashcraft states that everything in life comes with a price tag, including happiness, and through our choices we select the price we are willing to pay. Ashcraft refers to a quote by James E. Fraust who stated â€Å"If you're not willing to pay the price of success, you will pay the price of failure.†Ashcraft says that being successful will lead to a happy life, although success has an up-front fee where not all beings are willing to pay, as opposed to failure where you are allowed a grace period before you are required to begin paying. He suggests developing a â€Å"long-term vision† in which people may see the result of their actions down the road. So does happiness have a price? it does, the price is the choices we make in our lives, the choice to travel the road of success of failure.Happiness c annot be bought with money, as cliche as it sounds it is absolutely true. The price of happiness can be paid by the choices we make in life. People always state that we pay the price of our mistakes , but we also pay the price of happiness. Ashcraft writes that being responsible, admitting to mistakes, apologizing, getting an education, telling the truth, making changes, repairing relationships, etc†¦ are the cost of success. As simple and easy as they sound they might be truly difficult in some situations.For example, an employee in a company makes an unintentional error at his job that leads to a chain of mistakes throughout the place of work which causes major commotion and confusion. That employee, although being terrified of his mistake, admits the fault he has done, takes responsibility and becomes determined in fixing his blunder. By that difficult choice, he has shown that he can be a responsible and dependable being, which can be a major positive feature to his future in that company.However, most people will not own up to their mistakes which may begin their travel on the road of failure. Suppose that employee does not take responsibility of his error but instead be dishonest about the situation and inflict the damage he has done upon another worker where he aims to be clear out of any trouble, which at the time may have been an easier choice. Ashcraft calls that a grace period before you are required to begin paying, in this case paying for his mistakes.It is known that no mistake goes unpunished, when the company figures out that the employee responsible was deceitful and corrupt, they take severe actions toward him. Not only did he lose his job, but he lost his credibility and trust between his colleagues and other companies who have heard of his name and his procedures, thus making it tougher for him to find another job in his area of expertise. Ben L. Ashcraft suggests that â€Å"long-term vision† can be of magnificent help to avoid failure, which in my opinion can be a great benefit in our lives.He compares it to driving on a windy dark road with poor headlights. You could miss a curve or crash. Long-Term is like turning on the bright light and seeing what the results of your actions might be â€Å"down the road†. Although the price of success may be rather difficult in the beginning, or a certain amount or pressure may come with it, but in the long-term it will decrease tremendously and become easier to pay.Not so the price of failure, for it may stack up to enormous amounts, that will cause grief and despair in your life and those around you. There is no way to escape paying the price of your actions. Take that young man who took responsibility for his slip-up, he was clearly looking forward towards the future for he knew if he was untruthful that would be a vast hit to his career which may cause a great amount of unrest and instability in his life. Indeed there is a price to happiness, every choice w e make whether good or bad will affect it.As hard as paying up-front for success may be, we must always accomplish it or try our best to, for in the long-term we will reap the goodness out of that choice. On the other hand, we may have the option of taking a different path that may lead to failure. That path may be trouble-free and uncomplicated at first, but the problems will catch up to us, those we thought we were liberated from, and they will ruin our lives. We have the ability to decide what the price of our happiness is, how abundantly present it may be in our lives or the opposite. Choose wisely.

Analysis Of Harold Hotelling’s Theory The WritePass Journal

Analysis Of Harold Hotelling’s Theory Abstract Analysis Of Harold Hotelling’s Theory AbstractIntroductionHarold Hotelling’s theoryModeling of the Hotelling ruleCriticism of Hotelling’s theoryRole of logisticsConclusionReferenceRelated Abstract Economists have long been concerned with the extraction of natural resources. This paper presents an evaluation or analysis of Harold Hotelling’s theory that asserts that the most socially and economically profitable extraction track of a non-renewable resource is one along which the price of the resource, determined by the marginal net revenue from the sale of the resource, increases at the rate of interest The paper presents a model of the Hotelling rule and examines its applicability to real life phenomena. The paper finds that while the Hotelling theory had contributed to the economics of nonrenewable resources and the rise of the conservationism movement, the assumptions laid out by the theory are not applicable to the real world. In conclusion, the paper suggests the need to relax the assumptions in order to explain the real-world phenomena. Introduction The efficient use of scarce natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable sources, has long been a concern of natural resource economics (Shogren 2000). For example, Adam Smith explored on the natural progress of opulence and suggested that for a country to achieve an optimum economic progress, it had to allocate capital to land, fisheries and mines (Barnett Morse 1963). In a similar vein, Ricardo explored on the significance of land quality on economic rent. Robert Malthus raised concern about the dangers of population growth, asserting that the increasing population was likely to preclude the endless progress towards a utopian society (Barnett Morse 1963). Similarly, Jevons raised concern about the consequences of coal depletion on population growth (Shogren 2000).   A feature shared by all these economists is their treatment of natural resources as a free factor of production. That is, they all treat natural resources as provided freely by nature. But towards the beginning of the 21st century, a shift in mindset occurred as economists began treating natural resources as something more distinct than just a free factor of production (Shogren 2000). Theorists such as Hotelling and Gray particularly pointed out to the additional intertemporal cost of extracting natural resources (Shogren 2000). In this regard, this paper presents an evaluation or analysis of Harold Hotelling’s theory that asserts that the most socially and economically profitable extraction track of a non-renewable resource is one along which the price of the resource, determined by the marginal net revenue from the sale of the resource, increases at the rate of interest (Harold 1931). Harold Hotelling’s theory In 1931, Hotelling used differential calculus to derive the optimal extraction of a fixed resource over time (Bradley 2007). He began by recognizing the inadequacy of the standard economic analysis in the industry in which production was bound to decline (Bradley 2007). Hotelling then asserted that if the total resource base and capital investments were fixed and efficient extraction methods used, then the marginal net revenue of extraction of non-renewable resource would rise at the rate of interest over time (Hotelling 1931). This premium price was referred to as the ‘resource rent’ or rather the ‘hotelling rent’. In other words, under a perfectively competitive market, the market price of a non-renewable resource minus the marginal costs must grow in tandem with the interest rate. As such, the price of the natural resource should increase with time, provided that the marginal costs are kept constant (Chakravorty et al. 2009) Harold Hotellings theory postulated that the most socially and economically profitable extraction track of a non-renewable resource was one in which the price of the resource, determined by the marginal net revenue from the sale of the resource, increased at the rate of interest (Harold 1931). The theory thus proposed the time track of natural resource extraction that most increases the value of the resource reserve. But at the time, his analysis was way ahead of time as mathematics had not yet been incorporated into economics. As a result, his seminal analysis was originally rejected for this reason.   However, Hotellings rule later came to be known as the pillar of the theory of nonrenewable resource economics through its rich insight on the long-run behaviour of resource price and scarcity of extraction and its contribution to the rise of conservatism movement (Gaitan et al. 2007). Modeling of the Hotelling rule To illustrate the Hotelling rule, let us consider as basic model where in So denotes an economys total stock of resource and Rt denotes the total extraction at time t (Gaitan et al. 2007). The utility of consumption would be denoted by U(Rt). The objective is to maximize the marginal net revenue of extraction of the non-renewable resource. Assuming that the extraction is carried out with constant unit costs, Then the optimal path of extraction of the natural resource would be found by the following equation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (i) But the maximization must meet the condition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (ii) Assuming that private and social discount rates are the same and that there are no externalities (Gaitan et al. 2007), then the solution to equation (i) and (ii) can be found using optimal control theory as shown below: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (iii) But conditions require the optimal extraction path to fulfill the following relation (Gaitan et al. 2007), †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (iv) The opportunity cost or rather the shadow price at time t, Yt, is in the present case constant. We thus have Equation (iv) can thus be rewritten as follows: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (v) And given that in a market economy, then it can be seen that equation (iv) reflects the Hotelling rule that the marginal price of the natural resource increases with increase in the rate of discount. Hotteling’s predictions of a decline in non-renewable resources with time such as oil, minerals and forests led to demands for regulation of exploitation of such exhaustible assets (Rothband 2000). The selfish exploitation of natural resources at a rapid rate gave rise to the conservation movement (Rothband 2000). This theory has formed the basis of the conservationist movement and has been influential to the point that prohibitions against oil and mineral mining and deforestation in certain government lands have been justified on this ground (Hotelling 2007). Criticism of Hotelling’s theory An important point to emphasize in the Hotelling model is that the market price of non-renewable resources must increase with time, provided that costs remain time-invariant (Chakravorty et al. 2009). However, in reality such an increase in the price of non-renewable sources may not persist as many short-run factors such as regulation and speculation in commodity markets may come into play resulting in alternative phases of upward and downward price movements (Chakravorty et al. 2009). For example, if the Kyoto Treaty was to impose a target of 450 PPM of carbon, energy prices would be expected to rise but fall soon after the constraint becomes binding (Chakravorty et al. 2009). But when there is a fall below the 450 ppm level, the prices are bound to rise again (Chakravorty et al. 2009). Such a cyclical behaviour in the prices of non-renewable resources is not covered under the Hotelling model. As a result of such kind of price variations, Harolds Hotelling theory has come under criticism. Economists have argued that Hotelling’s theoretical prediction of a rise in scarcity and relative prices of nonrenewable resources over time is not borne out of facts (Watkins 1992). For example, Krautkraemer (1998) argues that for the most part, Hotellings theoretical predictions have been inconsistent with empirical studies of non renewable resource prices and in situ values. Over the past 100 years or so, there hasnt been a persistent increase in the prices of nonrenewable resources (Krautkraemer 1998). Also, economic indicators do not provide evidence of an increase in scarcity of these resources (Krautkraemer 1998). Although the popuplar view among the general public is that exhaustion of non-renewable resources is progressing at a faster rate, this view is highly debatable. In fact, economic indicators have shown that there has been growth in nonrenewable resource supply as new deposits continue to be discovered and the extraction technology continues to progress (Krautkraemer 1998). This has been argued to mitigate the scarcity effect (Krautkraemer 1998). But the above criticism may not necessarily hold as just like other economic analysis on this subject, Krautkramers analysis has been conducted at the global level (Wright Czelusta 2002).  Ã‚   Although it may seem appropriate to test Hotelling predictions at the global level, such analysis leaves open the possibility that the depletion may have been staved off at the global level, through the discovery new and underexplored territories (Wright Czelusta 2002). Nonetheless, the popular view that the world is likely run out of natural resources in the near future may not necessarily be true. If resources are considered to be scarce, then there is a higher likelihood of its real price rising (Braddley 2007). In the event of an increase in real price, producers are likely to be induced by the high prices to explore for more reserves resulting in an increase in resource stock (Braddley 2007). The lifetime measures of most resources can thus be assumed to remain constant over time Another error that Hotelling made was linking his highly conditional analysis to the real world (Braddley 2007). Hotelling faulted laissez-faire for deviating from his derived optimality in extraction of non-renewable resources, stating that the extractive industries had discrepancies which resulted in wasteful forms of exploitation (Braddley 2007). He also argues that such wasteful forms of exploitation would have been regulated in the interest of the general public (Braddley 2007). Whilst Hotelling was quick to recognize market failure, he failed to account for what is currently known as government failure (Braddley 2007). As can be seen with the long history of petroleum regulation in the US, government intervention has generally been lacking in information and has been highly problematic in practice (Adelman 1993). Only an omniscient planner would know the specifics of demand, supply, price, cost, interest rates, and entreprenurial alertness needed to arrive at an optimal extraction solution (Braddley 2007). Role of logistics Harolds hotelling theory can be applied to the logistic industry. According to the hotelling theory, the most profitable extraction is one in which the price of the resource, determined by the marginal net revenue from sale of the resource, increases at the rate of interest. In this respect, to reduce on the marginal cost of extraction, it would require that an industry be located close to the extraction point. This would not only decrease the transport costs, but will also increase efficiency in the supply chain and logistics. Logistics thus has an important role to play in determining the optimal extraction solution. The lower the transport costs, the more likely are the returns to scale. Whilst the transport costs are account for a small percentage of the total costs, the optimal extraction solution must also take into account the total logistics costs. Logistics have an impact on a firm’s optimal location behaviour and thus must be taken into account of when determining the optimal extraction solution of a natural resource. Conclusion In Summary, the Hotelling theory has contributed to the economics of nonrenewable resources. It has formed the conceptual and theoretical framework used by economists to model the supply and the prices of nonrenewable resources. More so, it has contributed to the conservationist movement. However, the Hotelling theory, though elegant, seem somewhat misplaced. The model points out to a rise in trajectory of net prices of non-renewable resources along with the rate of interest yet there is a lack of empirical evidence to back this pricing behaviour. Moreover, the assumption of an increase in scarcity of non renewable resources is highly debatable. These assumptions seem not applicable to the real world.   Perhaps, to explain the real-world phenomena, it would be helpful to relax these assumptions. For example, in order to explain the price of oil, it would be necessary to discard all assumptions of inevitable increase in price and the assumption of a fixed stock. Reference Adelman, M. A., 1993. ‘Introduction’. In M. A. Adelman (Ed.), The economics of petroleum supply. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Barnett, H. and Morse, C., 1963. Scarcity and growth. The economics of natural resource scarcity, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press Braddley, R.L., 2007. Resourceship: an Austrian theory of mineral resources. Rev Austrian Econ 20: 63-90 Bradley, R. L., 1996. Oil, gas, and government: The U.S. experience. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. Chakravorty, U., Leach, A. and Moreaux, M., 2009. Twin peaks in Energy prices: a hotelling model with pollution and learning. School of Business and department of Economics. Gaitan, B., Tol, R.S., and Yetkiner, H., 2007. The Hotellings rule revisited in a dynamic general equilibrium model. University of Hamburg Hotelling, H., 2006. ‘Stability in competition’. The Economic Journal, vol.39 (153), pp.41-57 Hotelling, Harold, 1931. ‘The economics of exhaustible resources’. Journal of Political Economy 39 (2), 137–175 Krautkraemer, Jeffrey A. (1998). â€Å"Nonrenewable Resource Scarcity,† Journal of Economic Lin, C., Meng, H., Ngai, T.Y., Oscherov, V., Zhu, Y.H., 2008. Hotelling revisited: oil prices and endogenous technological progress. University of California Literature 36: 2065-2107. Rothbard, M. N., 2000. ‘Conservation in the free market’. In: Egalitarianism as a revolt against nature and other essays, Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, pp. 175–189. Shogren, J.F., 2000. Natural resource economics. USA: University of Wyoming. Watkins, G. C., 1992. ‘The Hotelling principle: Autobahn or Cul de Sac?’ Energy Journal, 13 (1), 1–24. Wright, G. and Czelusta, J., 2002. Resource-based economic growth, past and present. Stanford University

The Top 9 ACT English Strategies You Must Use

The Top 9 ACT English Strategies You Must Use SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The ACT English section can be intimidating. You have to know grammar rules that may seem obscure to you, and the ACT folks even expect you to know how to properly use commas. Not only do you have to know your grammar, but also you have to to know how to analyze ACT English passages, and you have to know how to organize them. You're tested on a wide range of skills and you don’t have much time to answer each question. If you’re wondering how to possibly go about studying for ACT English and improving your score, then this is the post for you. In this article, I’ll give you my top 9 strategies to help you ace the ACT English section. These are meant to be study tips that will require time and diligence. The most important advice I can give you is to keep practicing. Focus your studying on areas that need improvement. However, that's advice that anyone can give. If you can successfully execute the following specific strategies, I guarantee your ACT English success: Know the Format Determine the Best Way for You to Approach the Passages Learn the Grammar Rules Use Official Practice Tests Categorize Missed Questions Carefully Review and Analyze Real ACT Questions Simulate Test Day Conditions Use Your Target Score to Focus Your Study Plan Think About the Differences Between Answer Choices #1: Familiarize Yourself With the Format If you know the format of the ACT English section well, you'll be more comfortable with the test and can reducetest day anxiety. You should know that you have 45 minutes for 75 questions. There are five passages. The questions test your knowledge of standard written English and rhetorical skills. Most ACT English questions refer to underlined portions of a sentence within a passage, and you have to determine how to correct the underlined portion. Here is an example: Additionally, you should know the content distribution of the questions to help prioritizeyour studying. This is the general breakdown of the distribution of questions that appear in ACT English: Usage/Mechanics Punctuation (10-15%)- Commas, Other Punctuation Grammar and Usage (15-20%)- Subject-Verb Agreement, Faulty Modifiers, Verb Tense and Forms, Pronoun Agreement, Pronoun Case, Adjective and Adverb Errors, Idioms Sentence Structure (20-25%)- Parallelism, Faulty Modifiers, Run-Ons and Fragments, Relative Pronouns, Verb Tense and Forms Rhetorical Skills Strategy (15-20%)- Add/Delete, Relevance, Author Main Goal, Author Technique Organization (10-15%)- Macro Logic, Transitional Logic Style (15-20%)- Word Choice and Diction, Pronoun Agreement, Wordiness and Redundancy, Formality I put a few of the grammar rules in two of the categories because those rules can be tested in multiple ways. For example, a question testing pronoun number agreement would be a grammar question and a question about an ambiguous pronoun would be a style question, but you can learn about both of those rules in the post on pronoun agreement. Also, because most of the writing style questions are related to grammar concepts, the majority of the ACT English section is based on specific rules that you can master before you take your ACT. The organization and strategy questions test your reading comprehension and ability to analyze parts of a passage or the passage as a whole. It's very important that, before you take the ACT, you're comfortable with the content, the types of questions, and completing the ACT English section in less than 45 minutes. Get comfortable with ACT English. #2: Figure Out the Best Way to Approach ACT English Passages There are multiple ways to approach ACT English passages and you should determine the best approach for you well before test day. These are the possible approaches you can use: paragraph by paragraph, answer as you go, sentence by sentence, or passage first. For a thorough explanation of how to choose and test your method, check out this article on how to approach ACT English passages. Make sure to use your preferred approach on practice tests to hone it and determine its effectiveness. Using the same approach maximizes your efficiency; therefore, you need to use the same approach consistently. If you're not achieving your desired results on practice tests and questions, you can consider changing your approach. However, once you decide on the best approach for you, stick with it. Drill it enough so you use it without even thinking about it. #3: Know What Grammar Rules the ACT Tests The ACT tests the same grammar rules over and over, so knowing these rules will be crucial to your success on ACT English. Since the concepts also tend to appear in the same ways, it's also helpful to make sure you understand how the ACT structures the questions. Some of the more commonly tested grammar topics are commas, wordiness and redundancy, and verb tenses and forms. Read the PrepScholar blogs on each grammar rule: Subject-Verb Agreement Commas Punctuation Pronoun Agreement Pronoun Case Idioms Word Choice and Diction Errors Run-On Sentences and Fragments Parallel Structure Faulty Modifiers Adjective and Adverb Errors Verb Tense and Forms Wordiness and Redundancy Relative Pronouns If you understand the ACT grammar rules and how to apply them, you'll do well on the ACT English section. #4: Focus on Using Real Practice Tests to Study The best practice questions are those that come from actual ACTs. Those are most representative of what you'll find when you take your real ACT. Unfortunately, many unofficial materials aren't true to the test. The practice questions from many prep books or websites don't cover the right concepts, they're presented in a different format, and they're either much easier or more difficult than the questions on the ACT English section. Make sure you're using the best sources for ACT English practice. If you're using bad materials, you're not using your study time effectively, and your efforts are less likely to produce your desired results. If you want additional content review or explanation, check out our articles on the best ACT prep books and websites. Also, the PrepScholar program is written by experts who have extensive teaching experience and scored in the 99th percentile on the ACT. The practice questions are based on real ACT questions. #5: Categorize and Review Missed Questions This strategy may sound weird or hard, but it's actually extremely important. When you do ACT English practice, keep track of all the questions you miss or are unsure about. Then, categorize thesequestions by the grammar rule that's being tested or by the specific type of rhetorical skills question. Why You Should Categorize Questions Categorizing all of the questions you missor guesscorrectly on will help you determine where you have skill deficiencies. Then, you can focus your studying on the areas on which you have weaknesses. The ACT English section tests the same types of questions repeatedly. If you know how to correctly answer each type of question, no question should confuse you when you take the test. How to Categorize Questions Ideally, you should be able to categorize questions on your own. However, if you need help determining the type of question, there are some sources you can use that provide real ACT example questions and thorough explanations to those questions. On the PrepScholar blog, we have written articles on every grammar rule and type of rhetorical skills question that appears on the ACT. Each PrepScholar article has example questions, explanations, and offers strategies for answering questions related to the topic. The ACT website has free English practice and explanations for the answers. Additionally, The Real ACT Prep Guide has 5 official ACTs with detailed explanations of all of the test questions. Learn from your mistakes! #6: Review Examples of Questions Related to Each Grammar Rule and Type of Rhetorical Skills Question This strategy will help you increase your familiarity with and comprehension of all of the different types of questions that appear on the ACT. Create a study guide of real ACT questions for each grammar rule and each type of rhetorical skills question. Compile questions fromthe PrepScholar blog, official ACT tests, and other quality source material in a notebook or computer document, and organize them according to question type (e.g. subject-verb agreement, relevance, etc.). For each question in this study guide, you should be able to understand and explain how to arrive at the correct answer.I recommend doing this in addition to keeping track of your missed questions, which you should also categorize and review. If you spend ample time reviewing these questions, you'll solidify your understanding of the concepts and be much more confident with the material on the ACT English section. #7: Take Timed Practice Tests Simulating Test Day Conditions Taking the ACT can be a mentally draining, pressure-filled experience. To alleviate your test day anxiety and build up your endurance, you should take 3 full length, timed practice tests prior to your real ACT. Use a timer and take only the ACT-allowed breaks. It's important to practice maintaining focus for such a long period of time. Also, taking practice tests will enable you to determine if you're having issues with time management. If you're running out of time on the ACT English section, monitor your time spent per question when you're doing practice questions. You should spend less than a minute on each question and easier questions should take less than 30 seconds. To complete the ACT English section in the allottedtime, you can spend no more than an average of 36 seconds per question. If you're finishing with more than 5 minutes left and getting more than a couple of questions wrong, slow down. You're rushing. Read questions more carefully and look at the answer choices more closely. With the time you have left over, review the questions you're unsure about. #8: Use Your Target Score to Focus and Inform Your Studying Knowing your ACT English target score can give you a better idea of how and what to study. Because your ACT score is an average of your section scores, your ACT English target score should roughly match your ACT composite target score. If you're particularly good at English or applying to a humanities program, your ACT English target score can be slightly higher. If you're better at math and science or applying to an engineering program, your ACT English target can be slightlylower than your ACT composite target score. Based on your ACT English target score, you can determine roughly how many questions you need to get right to reach your goal. Refer to this article for information on how the ACT is scored and a sample conversion table for the ACT English section. Typically, if you want to get a 36 on ACT English, you need to get every single question right. Therefore, you need to know how to correctly answer every type of grammar and rhetorical skills question. If your goal is a 25, you need to get about 58 questions right out of 75 (the exact number varies based on the scale for that edition of the test). To reach this target score, you should focus your studying on the most commonly tested rules. If you can master the basics and the most common types of questions, you should have no trouble reaching this goal. Make sure to review the article on the distribution of appearance of the grammar rules on the ACT. Use your target score to help you. #9: Consider How Answer Choices Are Different From Each Other For grammar questions, the answer choices can provide clues indicating the specific grammar rule that is being tested. When you're doing practice questions, consider how the answer choices vary from one another. If the only difference between choices is the presence and placement of commas, it's a comma question. If the answer choices only vary in that they're different tenses of the same verb, it's a verb tense question. Check out this real ACT example question: Just from looking at the answer choices, we can tell this is a verb tense question. In case you're wondering, the correct answer is J. The verb tenses in the first and second sentences should be consistent. Also, keep in mind that one question can test multiple grammar rules. For example, a verb question mighttest your knowledge of both verb tenses and subject-verb agreement. If you follow the 9 strategies I gave you in this post, you'll be able to ascend to the top of Mount ACT English. You'll be proud of your discipline, confident in your skills, and grateful that you read this article. What's Next? To supplement the information in this article, make sure to study the top tips for ACT English and the 5 critical concepts you must understand to ace ACT English. You'll also want to review the most common ACT English mistakes so you don't fall into the common ACT English traps. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this English lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Ethical Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Ethical Energy - Essay Example This paper stresses that energy has always been the scarcest of resources. The world countries have always been on the effort of energy generation to suit the ever increasing demand for energy. Though nations have plethora of options available for energy creation, one needs to look at availability of resources with them to produce energy at the most economical way and more necessarily, the eco friendly way. This case analyses the energy options for an African country, Belina more specifically at renewable energy options which is the need of the hour. This report makes a conclusion that after having understood the infrastructural, geographical, economical and political conditions in Africa it gives us a feeling that the government is willing to take steps in attracting foreign direct investments in RETs as it is helpful to them in more than one ways. More progressive steps need to be taken in the area of RETs and conventional methods can be considered only as a last resort. RETs are labour intensive hence would generate employment opportunities even to illiterates. Belina’s uneducated or school educated population would be the biggest beneficiary if such proposals are undertaken rather than conventional methods which benefit only the literates. More than all, RETs offer a safe, clean and eco friendly system of power generation which addresses issues like green house gas emissions and can be advantageous especially when developed nations started carbon trading more seriously.