Monday, September 30, 2019

Directress

Montessori is not simply a method of teaching children to read; it is a philosophy of life! Montessori Method for education is fundamentally based on an educational approach towards a model of human development. By human development we mean the development psychology of a human being, that is, the innate quality of any human to learn through their experiences. Montessori’s education method called for free activity within a â€Å"prepared environment†, meaning an educational environment tailored to basic human characteristics and to the specific characteristics of children at different ages.Since the Montessori Method is so unlike other educational methods, it follows that the Montessori teacher is in fact not a teacher at all, Dr. Maria Montessori called her a DIRECTRESS. In her years of observations, Dr. Montessori used the word ‘DIRETTORESSA’ taken from the Italian word ‘DIRETTORE’ which when looking into the meaning of the word is less about telling people what to do but more about steering people in the right direction. According to Dr. Montessori a directress’ role is to be an ardent observer with the goal to intervene the least as the child develops. Related article: Montessori Practical Life EssayThe directress creates an environment of calm, order and joy in the classroom and is there to help and encourage the children in all their efforts, allowing them to develop self-confidence and inner-discipline. With the younger students at each level, the teacher is more active, demonstrating the use of materials and presenting activities based on an assessment of child’s requirements. Knowing how to observe constructively and when and how much, to intervene, is one of the most important talents a directress acquires. A directress has to be very careful in praising a child.She should respond to a child’s enthusiastic approach of working at the same time she should praise the child in a way that it gets motivated through her interest rather than seeking her merit or approval. In short a directress should channelize the child’s capabilities in the right direction order to make them a self-understanding, knowledgeable, independent and a developed adult. The role of a directress with respect to teaching the child is an inactive one, the active learning must come from the child and it’s the duty of the directress to bring the child’s activeness in learning and exploring new things.They are constantly experimenting, modifying the environment to meet their perception of each child’s needs and interests and objectively noting the results. The directress’ work is to ‘guide’ the child, be like a second parent to all the children in her class. In most cases Montessori teachers are the first motherly figure that a child meets outside their homes. That’s why it is compulsory for the teacher to take on, not only the role of a teacher, but a second mother- like position too. She explains the child, in an understanding and calm manner.She is patient with them when they do something wrong. She allows the child to choose his own activity rather than force him into something in which he had no interest and also motivating them to keep the material back in place, so that the child respects his environment. If the child is afraid, she handles the child in a calm-composed manner to ease the child’s fear. The directress also makes it a point to make all the children comfortable with each other to maintain a positive environment in the class and to build a positive attitude in the child and encourage social interaction.She handles disputes, without being bias. She offers support when a child lacks confidence. â€Å"Never help a child with a task at which he feels he can succeed. † â€Å"Free the child’s potential and you will transform him into the world. † The directress acts as an active-link between the child and the â€Å"prepared environment† in a sense that all the materials and apparatus are kept in their accurate places in the class. The intellectual ability of a child that is revealed during the tender a ge of the child should be respected in all its aspects. It is like a flower that has just started to bloom.The Montessori teacher’s work in preparing the classroom together with her interactions among the children enables her to provide the children the most positive means by which they can absorb the environment. The greatest sign of success for a teacher is to exclaim, â€Å"The children are now working as if I do not exist†. Montessori uses the term ‘normalization’ to describe this unique process a child experiences in the classroom. A normalized child is â€Å"one who has overcome himself and lives in peace and harmony with the environment preferring disciplined tasks to futile idealness. She believed that children are born with innate capacities for self-governance which should develop freely. She also said that the greatest barriers to development of these natural instincts in children are adults. Thus the classroom must provide activities and motiv es for Normalization to occur. This is due to the fact that Normalization emerges as a result of deep concentration. The materials chosen by the children will emerge the, and lead them to self-discovery and awareness. Ultimately, it is the directress’ role as the ‘dynamic link’ which allows the process of normalization to occur.One must not forget, however, that it cannot occur immediately. The teacher must also prepare herself for a period of practice which may take many years. The ‘spiritually prepared’ teacher will recognize this critical factor, and through her practice as an observer of children, can further observe the spiritual growth within herself. The role of the directress is therefore, â€Å"to watch with humble reverence, day by day, the spontaneous unfolding of the children’s lives; seeking always to remove obstacles, both internal and external from their path, whilst she guides with science and sympathy the irrepressible energi es of life†.The spiritually prepared teacher will do so with a joyous heart. Only then can the most important factor in her role can be established, that is, to see the child for who he really is. The reason a Montessori teacher is called a directress is that she directs her children to a path where they want to go rather than simply teaching them the basic rules of living or transfer knowledge to them.The children are independent of the directress and explore the world according to their wish. They need the directress only in case they get stuck somewhere or they have problem in understanding anything rather than having a teacher who imparts knowledge to the child just because he have to know that. School teachers have a formal outlook towards their career whereas a directress can survive in this place only if she puts her heart filled with love into her career.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Classism: High School and Social Class Essay

Social class in America is a subject which always has and always will continue to affect our daily lives. The video â€Å"People like us: Social Class in America† offered several depictions of class in the U.S.. The video’s depictions ranged in accuracy in terms of its definition of social classes. However the video itself caused me to realize the great affect social class has on my life as well as the lives of those around me. Classism in the United States is a very big, yet silent prejudice that is continually causing many problems in our society. I have always been affected by the evils of classism in my life. The most brilliant example this, is public schooling. The public school system, especially here in White Plains, provides a mock â€Å"real world† in my eyes. Because White Plains’ schooling is so diverse, it is the perfect habitat for viewing how various classes interact with each other. Some of the observations I’ve made during my years as a pupil in this wonderful, equal opportunity, educational system are as follows: The more well off students always get off. Because of their much concerned and well-to-do parents the worst kid could do the worst thing and always get away with it. However, I find it very interesting that a ragged, dirt smudged Hispanic boy can do that very same thing and end up having to get sent home; causing his mother to take off of her twelve hour minimum wage job to stay at home with him. All the while not knowing what is going on because of the simple fact that she couldnâ €™t speak English. Thank god for mom’s and dad’s . . . . money and image. Another issue that greatly affected my life was how class determined social circles. All throughout my schooling I have seen friends come and go. Even at the early age of seven, it was evident who was richer than whom; solely based on the gifts I received at birthday parties. The kids who gave the cool presents where the rich kids. Those were the kids who never invited you to their parties. They just invited the kids just like them. Those â€Å"rich kids† have held their titles all through high school. They have evolved though; they are now referred to as the â€Å"preps† I find in amusing to see  just how many groups of students or cliques have remained throughout secondary schooling. Each one of these groups is constantly fighting to be noticed, or not noticed in some cases. Every one of them, as subtle as it may be, knows where the other stands in their eyes. The video â€Å"People like us: Social Class in America† depictions’ were very accurate in that they provided a wide spectrum of viewing for the uneducated eye. The video allowed anyone to realize how people in different classes than his or her own are perceived. The video did an especially good job on defining what social class is as well as exhibiting what social classes exist on the high school level. â€Å"People like us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  showed the varying social classes which exist in any high school such as the Geeks, the Jocks, the Preppy girls and boys, the loud Hispanic girls, the loud Black girls, the abrasive and dangerous Black and Hispanic boys, the Goths, the Artsy kids, the Theatre types, the Smart Asians; the list could go on and on. The video hit the nail right on the head. High School is just a conglomeration of cliques who want nothing do with the other based on the unwritten rules of high school hierarchy. It was a real shock to see what some of the students had to say about the others. Some of the comments a particular girl made about â€Å"the kids not like us†, referring to herself, left my mouth gaping wide open. The one thing I noticed above all was that the less sheltered students were a lot more open to others than the ones who had been given everything their entire lives. I believe the video was a good model as to the various characteristics assigned to various classes throughout the world. Class exists in any environment, whether it is school, the workplace, or any social gathering; there will always exist some form of prejudice based on your class. The people on the top of the class ladder create a mold in which they expect all others to follow. Anyone who doesn’t is automatically dubbed an outcast because he or she is different. This is especially true of people of a different race. There is almost a direct relationship between race and class. Ones race almost seems to hold down ones class. You can ask any black or latino well off family how their neighbors truly view them, and you will be shocked. One can be just as rich as the man next to him, but he will  always be dubbed rich†¦for a black man, or rich†¦for a latino. It is a fact among real estate agents that when a minority family moves into an all white neighborhood the actual market value of the surrounding homes drops severely. Why is that? It is because race has a direct relationship with class. Class can only bring you so far. In conclusion, Classism is an ever-present prejudice that most all of us face in our everyday lives. We see it in our schools, places of work as well as ordinary nights out. Classism in the United States is a very big, yet silent prejudice that is continually causing many problems in our society, especially in the ranks of our youth. Videos like â€Å"People like us: Social Class in America† allow us to see classism through lense of the youth of America, informing us of the problems put forth this prejudice. Only by realizing the problem can we step forth and attempt to resolve it.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Will offering work-life balance programs result in positive outcomes Essay

Will offering work-life balance programs result in positive outcomes for organisations and for employees - Essay Example Work-life balance programs vary widely depending on organisational policy and include such programs as flextime, telecommuting, paternity leave and even job sharing. These programs are implemented so that the organisation can demonstrate a solid commitment to improving employee relations and to allow employees to balance their personal demands with job role obligations. Work-life policies, in most instances, provide exceptionally positive outcomes for the organisation and employees who make use of the availability of these programs, including employee motivation, increased employee commitment, cohesive organisational cultures and reduced employee turnover that satisfies cost control issues at the organisation. The outcomes of work-life balance programs Positive outcomes associated with work-life balance programs can be attributed to social exchange theory, a psychological supposition that human relationships are founded on reciprocal actions and mutual negotiations between two or mor e parties (Emerson 1976). Social exchange theory posits that employees will repeat an action if they find they are rewarded for the behaviour (Robbins, Chatterjee and Canda 2011). Work-life programs are established by organisational leaders in an effort to provide incentives for employees to provide superior effort and motivation. As a result of this reward, employees respond by exerting maximum effort even when the job role involves an intensification of work responsibilities (Kelliher and Anderson 2010). Hence, there is a quantifiable set of positive psychological outcomes under social exchange theory that provides superior return on investment, in terms of increased productivity and motivation, to the employer. Also at the psychological level, work-life balance programs provide greater employee satisfaction which provides the incentive for employees to be more productive. Having some level of personal control over an employee’s working conditions is considered very valuabl e to workers that engage with these programs (Kelliher and Anderson 2010). It is recognised in research studies that when an employer provides workers with workplace autonomy, it is positively linked to job satisfaction (Emery and Barker 2007). This satisfaction leads to happier workers and job productivity increases (Nauert 2011). The research evidence indicating a positive link between satisfaction and higher productive outputs in the job role illustrate that work-life balance programs maintain considerable positive benefits to both the employee and the employer. Employee commitment is enhanced and there is overall better job performance when an employee is able to work in autonomous work environments (Nauert 2011). From the business perspective, the ability of work-life balance programs to provide perceptions of autonomy even leads to lower employee turnover, thus saving the organisation costs associated with recruitment and training of new employees. Work-life programs also prov ide the organisation with much less overhead costs that is sustained through employees working from home (Beauregard and Henry 2009). In a business where employees are not offered work-life programs, such as telecommuting, businesses must absorb a variety of costs, including office supplies, utilisation of electric services, telephony, and many other administrative costs. By having employees work from home, businesses can reduce their daily operational expenses, thereby satisfying budget concerns. This is a positive outcome from an organisation perspective, especially

Friday, September 27, 2019

Cross-cultural communication and classroom ecology Essay - 1

Cross-cultural communication and classroom ecology - Essay Example rÐ µligion, disÐ °bility Ð µtc Ð °s wÐ µll Ð °s bÐ µing mindful of thÐ µ difficultiÐ µs thÐ °t somÐ µ groups cÐ °n fÐ °cÐ µ Ð °nd Ð µnsuring thÐ °t Ð °ny obstÐ °clÐ µs to thÐ µm Ð °rÐ µ rÐ µmovÐ µd. PÐ µrhÐ °ps surprisingly, it doÐ µs not mÐ µÃ °n trÐ µÃ °ting Ð °ll Ð µquÐ °lly. For Ð µxÐ °mplÐ µ, Ð µquÐ °lity of opportunity will not nÐ µcÐ µssÐ °rily bÐ µ Ð µnsurÐ µd if thosÐ µ who spÐ µÃ °k Еnglish Ð °s thÐ µir sÐ µcond or third lÐ °nguÐ °gÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ Ð °ssÐ µssÐ µd Ð µquÐ °lly Ð °gÐ °inst thosÐ µ who spÐ µÃ °k it Ð °s thÐ µir first Ð °nd only lÐ °nguÐ °gÐ µ. ThÐ µ formÐ µr mÐ °y nÐ µÃ µd Ð °dditionÐ °l cÐ °rÐ µ Ð °nd tÐ µÃ °ching if Ð °ssÐ µssmÐ µnt Ð °gÐ °inst othÐ µrs in thÐ µir yÐ µÃ °r is to hold mÐ µÃ °ning. In this rÐ µspÐ µct, simply rÐ µmoving obstÐ °clÐ µs from thÐ µ pÐ °th of Ð °ll studÐ µnts mÐ °y not bÐ µ Ð µnough to providÐ µ Ð °ll with Ð µquÐ °lity of opportunity. PositivÐ µ Ð °ction (somÐ µtimÐ µs rÐ µfÐ µrrÐ µd to Ð °s positivÐ µ discriminÐ °tion) mÐ °y bÐ µ nÐ µcÐ µssÐ °ry. This involvÐ µs crÐ µÃ °ting thÐ µ circumstÐ °ncÐ µs in which Ð µquÐ °lit y of opportunity cÐ °n Ð µxist, rÐ °thÐ µr thÐ °n lÐ µÃ °ving it to chÐ °ncÐ µ. For Ð ° physicÐ °lly— disÐ °blÐ µd studÐ µnt, prÐ °cticÐ °l chÐ °ngÐ µs to thÐ µ school Ð µnvironmÐ µnt Ð °rÐ µ nÐ µÃ µdÐ µd (such Ð °s rÐ °mps instÐ µÃ °d of stÐ µps). Ð  pupil struggling with Ð °ttÐ µntion dÐ µficit disordÐ µr cÐ °n find this disÐ °dvÐ °ntÐ °gÐ µ diminishÐ µd or Ð µliminÐ °tÐ µd if thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ sÐ µÃ °tÐ µd Ð °s closÐ µ to thÐ µ tÐ µÃ °chÐ µr Ð °s possiblÐ µ Ð °nd surroundÐ µd by positivÐ µ rolÐ µ modÐ µls. For clÐ °ssroom tÐ µÃ °chÐ µrs, thÐ µrÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ Ð ° fÐ µw quÐ µstions thÐ °t cÐ °n bÐ µ focusÐ µd on pÐ µriodicÐ °lly to bring Ð °ttÐ µntion to thÐ µ issuÐ µ of Ð µquÐ °l opportunitiÐ µs. ThÐ µ goÐ °l is not to work slÐ °vishly to thÐ µ nÐ µÃ µd for Ð µquÐ °lity of opportunity but to dÐ µvÐ µlop Ð ° nÐ °turÐ °l instinct for sussing out whÐ µn pupils mÐ °y bÐ µ inÐ °dvÐ µrtÐ µntly disÐ °dvÐ °ntÐ °gÐ µd. This might bÐ µ Ð ° rÐ µsult of thÐ µ work you hÐ °vÐ µ Ð °skÐ µd thÐ µm to do or of thÐ µir intÐ µrÐ °ctions in your clÐ °ssroom. WÐ µ Ð °ll hÐ °vÐ µ prÐ µjudicÐ µs – its pÐ °rt of intÐ µrÐ °cting with humÐ °ns. But bÐ µing Ð °wÐ °rÐ µ of your prÐ µjudicÐ µs

Thursday, September 26, 2019

History - Week five Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History - Week five - Essay Example He currently teaches journalism and United States foreign policy at Northwestern University. Kinzer has written several non-fiction books about Turkey, Central America, Iran, the US overthrow of foreign governments from the late 19th century to the present and, most recently, about Rwandas recovery from genocide. He has spoken out widely against a potential U.S. attack on Iran, warning that it would destroy the pro-US sentiment that has become widespread among the Iranian populace under the repressive Islamic regime.† (Wikipedia, August 11, 2008). The book is all about the quest of the United States to conquer more and more countries and to make a dominant name for itself in the world. The United States deployed many strong arms tactics to fulfill their aim of being the ultimate power in the world. This era saw a revolution in the tactics applied by the United States, they starting spreading democracy and at the same time started building up a strong army and an equally strong navy base, another significant change was the Americans brought foreign governments under there control during this era. The most dreadful villain in the book is John Foster Dulles; he was a lawyer and took care of the foreign capital of the countries which surrendered themselves to the policies of the United States. â€Å"Dulles was Eisenhowers secretary of state and his brother Allen Dulles, the head of the CIA -- a nefarious partnership that colluded together with unchecked unanimity.† (Swans, n, a). The book tells about the people who took ma tters in their own hands to topple foreign governments. The author talks about the three eras in the book namely, the imperial era. This saw countries Cuba, Puerto Rico and a few others come under the control of the United States. The second is the cold war era which saw United States employ strict rules on the countries like Iraq, Chile etc. The book explains why United

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Mission, aims and objectives of Tesco PLC Essay

Mission, aims and objectives of Tesco PLC - Essay Example This way, Tesco seeks to be valued not only by its customers, but also by the communities it serves, its employees and its shareholders. This vision is a qualitative long term target for Tesco as a business thus one could arguably state that it describes the Group’s aims. The company used the above stated mission and vision statements to develop seven corporate objectives. These seven corporate objectives are quantifiable medium to long-term targets that inform Tesco’s corporate strategy. The first objective for Tesco is to continue to grow its UK core market. The UK is the largest business in the Group and a key driver of sales and profit. In 2011, the UK contributed 68% of the Group’s trading profit (Tesco 2011a). The second objective is to be an outstanding international retailer both in stores and online. The company is currently in 14 markets outside the UK that contribute 25% of the Group’s profits. The third objective is to be as strong in everyth ing the company sells as they are in food. This involves broadening their products and services offering. The fourth objective is to grow their broadening retail services in all the markets where the Group operates. Tesco has largely focused their retailing services within the UK market. The three remaining objectives are: to put the Group’s responsibilities to the communities it serves at the heart of what the organisation does; to be a creator of highly valued brands; and to build their team so that the organisation creates more value. Tesco’s organizational diagram Tesco is a large, multinational organisation. This naturally leads to the organisation adopting a huge and complex organisational structure that has to delegate roles and responsibilities across the world. The diagram shown above only covers the executive level of the Group and does not include the board of directors, to whom the Group CEO, Philip Clarke reports. Evaluate how the choice of structure of an organisation can affect the way the organization is run Organisational structure refers to the patterns of relationships between roles in an organisation and its different parts. Some define it as the system of organizational rules, divided into rules regulating the behaviour of people and rules regulating the functioning of machines (Scheidegger 1997). It deals with issues such as responsibility, authority, communication, coordination, and control. A more modern definition is suggested by McMillan (2002) who defined organizational structure as the visible and invisible architecture that connects and weaves together all aspects of an organisation’s activities so that it functions as a complete dynamic entity. How an organisation is run depends on the competitive strategy that is has adopted. For example pursuing a differentiation strategy requires the business to be run differently than when the business is pursuing a low cost leadership strategy. For this reason, Chand ler (1962) argued that structure follows strategy in organizations. Strategy is the determination of long-term goals and objectives, courses of action and allocation of resources, and structure is the way the organization is put together to administer that strategy, with all the

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Vermont Teddy Bear Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vermont Teddy Bear - Case Study Example According to the report findings there are also orders which are placed by women. They whether buy present for their loved ones, relatives of children. Speaking of value, we should note that the prices of Vermont Teddy Bear are not only competitive, but they are also reasonable as the company provides a great deal of customization. Of course, the customers might find lower prices, but they may not find the same level of commitment and special care for their gifts. The financial model of the company is a rather simple one. It capitalizes the nostalgia of the people over simple gifts and offers something that is traditional and easily understandable. Indeed, teddy bears, pajamas and flowers do not contain any electronics and are suitable for the majority of the holidays. Speaking of the latter, there are three peak seasons in the year with roughly a month apart. However, sales are not very successful during the rest of the year due to a general shortage of demand.From this study it is clear that  the employees call it the rush and indeed the number of orders that are placed is tremendous. That is why there is no wonder that the system cannot process all and shuts down. There is even an internal moniker that is given to men who place their order at the very last moment: â€Å"Late Jack†. The biggest challenge that occurs during the peak experiences is the loss of orders and, consequently, bad reputation among the customers.

Monday, September 23, 2019

Leadership (Bill Gates) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership (Bill Gates) - Term Paper Example He can singularly be credited with launching the personal computer revolution that has helped billions of people to acquire personal computers and also changed the settings of the business world. Microsoft is today a very big corporation that employs more than 71,000 people in different facilities all over the world. Gates has for a long time functioned as the Chief Software Architect as well as Microsoft’s CEO (Strother, 2010). Transformational leadership helps companies to form different ideas which are then implemented. The corporate resources are injected into research to form more cutting-edge products. Transformational leaders usually have personal characteristics that assist them to inspire these type of changes in organizations (Mullins,  2010). Bill Gates, for instance, is known to be an aggressive, charismatic, and knowledgeable man who is also a visionary and an introvert. His original vision was to ensure that every home would have at least one personal computer. To this day, Bill Gates goes annually to Washington’s Hood Canal to come up with ideas about how to continue with the transformation of Microsoft. Microsoft employees are at this time encouraged to submit proposals of how they think the company can benefit from new services or products (Strother, 2010). If Bill Gates is impressed with any of these ideas, he returns to the Microsoft headquarters at Redman to develop the idea further. Due to practices such as these, Microsoft still maintains a strong vitality that has seen it continuously create innovative products. Microsoft has several research institutions; each of which are unique. It also has a suggestion box that allows employees to give their suggestions as well as recommendations to its managing directors. Bill Gates uses participative as well as delegative leadership styles to engage his employees. He has in the past allowed Microsoft’s research teams to freely create the

Sunday, September 22, 2019

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY - Research Paper Example Adler’s personality theories, in concert with the rest of his body of work, focused on human beings as individuals and worthy of study in terms of individual differences between people. But his theory on personality largely reflected the role of external events in shaping how we behave and how we react to certain stimuli. All in all, Alfred Adler’s creation of the field of individual psychology represented a leap forward in its basic assumptions, theoretical contributions, and informative concepts. The field of individual psychology has since become what is known as differential psychology, or the psychology of individual differences. This added notion of â€Å"differences† makes the subject matter clearer: namely, the study of how individuals are different from one another, rather than just of individuals’ characteristics. At its earliest stages under the classical Adlerian theory, individual psychology represented the theory of human behavior emphasizing the need to overcome feelings of inferiority by compensation and the need for personal striving. These kinds of claims would come to be reflected in the works of famous and influential psychologists like Viktor Frankl (also a psychoanalyst) and Abraham Maslow (Boeree, 1998). Adlerian psychology existed not merely as a scientific venture but also as a school of thought with applications: that is, because Adler theorized that human beings are goal-oriented, he thought psychology could help assist human beings (Pu get Sound Adlerian Society, 1999). Because Adler’s influence emerged so early in the history of psychology, he introduced a number of novel and innovative concepts to help explain his theories and findings. Among these concepts were (1) the creative self, (2) a lifestyle, and (3) an inferiority complex. With respect to the creative self, Adler meant that the responsibility for the individuals personality into his own hands. In other words, each

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Related Local Literature Essay Example for Free

Related Local Literature Essay This study deals with the review and analysis of the literature and studies relevant to inventory management techniques that the researchers will be using in the optimization. It consists of information culled from studies and literature, both local and foreign, from which this study is subject to. This chapter will certainly help in giving the reader a better understanding of what is Economic Order Quantity model and Dynamic Programming to optimization of the inventory system. Definition: Inventory Inventory refers to any kind of resources having economic value and is maintained to fulfil the present and future needs of theconsumers. It is a physical stock of items that business or production enterprise keeps in hand for efficient running of affairs or its production. Inventory is the quantity of goods, raw materials or other resources that are idle at any given point of time. Inventory control is the means by which materials of the correct quantity and quality is made available as a when required with due regard to economy in storage and ordering costs and working capital. It is also defined as the systematic location, storage and recording of goods in such a way that desired degree of service can be made to the operating shops at a minimum ultimate cost† (S.C sharma (1999). P. 509, 512). Inventory model: Economic Order Quantityand Dynamic Programming For over a century, the literature encompassing hundreds of books and journals has included frequent writings of management scientists applying quantitative methods to help inventory managers make two critical decisions: how much inventory to order, and when to order it. Inventory management started as early as the beginning of the 20th century when F. W. Harris originally developed the lot size formula or the EOQ model in 1915. R. H. Wilson independently developed the same formula in 1918. Apparently, Wilson popularized the model so the EOQ model is also referred to as the Wilson EOQ model. The EOQ formula has been independently discovered many times in the last eighty years. It is simplistic and uses several unrealistic assumptions. In Cargal discussed the basic EOQ model; he said that they cannot determine what quantity of an item to order when ordering supplies. Despite the many more sophisticated formulas and algorithm available, some large corporations still use the EOQ formula. In general, large corporations that use the EOQ formula do not want the public or competitors to know they use something so unsophisticated. The variables, graph, and the formula was also discussed in this paper. The classic EOQ model has been directly used in practice but which, more importantly, represents the key foundation of decision rules dealing with more complicated circumstances.Different variations and applications of the EOQ model in production and inventory operations were expanded over the years such as dealing with the quantity discounts, shelf-life considerations, replenishment lead time and constraints on the replenishment. Further advancements in inventory management took place when dynamic programming was used, with R. Bellman as its founding father. However, earlier works in DP were produced by Arrow, Karlin and Scarf. Bellman, who popularized DP, used the stochastic models for the inventory management problems. But in 1958, Wagner and Within started with a deterministic model, referred to as the Wagner-Within method, with known demands in each period, and fluctuating costs from one period to the next. A few years later, results for the stochastic model were established by Iglehart and Wagner with Veinott, which involves a demand with a continuous distribution. Inventory models have been applied and adapted by organizations. Silver enumerated the extensive research and application done over the years. In retail inventory management, retail outlets are increasingly adopting equipment that permits capture of demand data and updating of inventory records at the point of sale. In integrated logistics, a very complex system, it utilizes operations inventory management where maintenance, transportation and/or production are involved. In interactions with marketing, inventory management is applied on how to routinely take account of the effects of promotional activities on the control of inventories, how to predict and account for the effects of the system on the demand pattern, and the allocation of the shelf space in outlets such as supermarkets. Stock on Inventory The American Institute of Accountants defined the term inventory as â€Å"the aggregate of those items of tangible property which (1) are held for sale in the ordinary course of business, (2) are in process of production for such sale or (3) are to be available for ‘sale’. In Nigeria, inventory is usually referred to as stock-in-trade or work-in-progress. Stock may consist of (i) Raw materials and supplies to be consumed in production (ii) work-in-progress, or partly manufactured goods, (ii) Finished stock or goods ready for sale. Stocks are valued in a fundamentally different way from fixed assets; the latter are usually valued at cost less accumulated depreciation. No method of stock valuation is suitable for all types of business in all circumstances. Stock is valued at cost less any part of cost, which needs to be written off when net realizable value or the replacement price is lower than cost. The Functions of Inventory Inventories perform a number of vital functions in the operations of a system, which in turn makes them critical to the production sector as well. Without inventories, organizations could not hope to achieve smooth production flow, obtain reasonable utilization of machines and reasonable handling cost or expects to give reasonable service to customers. The basic function of inventories whether they are raw materials, work-in-progress or finished goods are that of decoupling the operations involved in converting inputs into outputs. This allows the successive stages in the purchasing, manufacturing and distribution process to operate reliance on the schedule of output, of prior activities in the production process. Furthermore, the decoupling function allows both time and spatial separation between production and consumption of products in the operating system. Lastly, inventories can also be used for other purposes apart from the decoupling functions. For example, when inventories are displayed, they serve as promotional investment. Raw materials and finished inventories are frequently accumulated to wedge against price rises, inflation and strikes. Inventories also serve to smooth out irregularities in supply. In essence, inventories act to decouple organizational activities, thereby achieving lower costs of operations. Inventories act to reduce procurement costs, and inventories act to provide good customer service and smooth production flow by providing onetime delivery and avoiding costly stock shortages. Inventories ordered in large quantities can result in lower freight charges and price discounts. On the other hand, inventory requires tying up capital that would otherwise be invested elsewhere. Inventory also requires costly storage space; and such costs as insurance, spoilage obsolesce, pilferage and taxes must be incurred as a result of maintaining inventory. Hence, there is an appropriate opportunity cost associated with their value. It is therefore, the duty of the management to seek decision rules that will actually balance these controversies of costs for a given system. It is in response to this management quest for guidance in handling inventory decision situations that a number of techniques (models) have been developed to serve as aid to management in achieving optimal inventory solutions. Inventory Cost The objectives of materials management are to minimize inventory investments and to maximize customer service. It is a plan to see that, the goals can be inconsistent or even indirect conflicts the role of the materials management is thus to balance the objective in relation to the existing conditions and environmental limitations. The basic object of inventory management is to maximize customer service through maintaining appropriate amount of inventory with minimum possible cost. Inventory costs are costs associated with the operation of an inventory system. Thus the relevant costs included inventory are the following: The purchase cost (P)The purchase costs of an item are the unit purchase it is obtained from an external source or the unit production costs it is produced internally. For the purchase items it is the purchase costless modified for different quantity levels manufacturing items the unit cost include direct labour or company overhead. Ordering or set up cost (C)This is the cost of placing an order. This cost directly with the number of order or setups placed and not at all weigh the size of the order. The ordering cost included making analysing materials inspecting materials follows up orders and doing the processing necessary to complete the transaction. Carrying costs or holding costs (H)There are costs of items (inventories) in storage. These costs vary with the level of inventory and occasionally with the length of item an item is held. The greater the level of inventory overtime, the higher the caring cost caring casts can be included the costs of losing the use of funds field up in inventory like storages casts such as rent of building heating cooling righting security, record keeping, deprecation obsolescence, product deterioration etc. Stock out cost (shortage cost) This is the cost as a result of not having items in storage. This can bring loses of good will profit loss of incur back order cost and delay in the customer service. Establishing the correct quantity to order from vendors or the size of lots submitted to the firms productive facilities involves a search for the minimum total cost resulting from the combined effects of fewer individual costs holding costs, setup costs ordering costs and storage costs (Tersine, R.J, 1994. PP. 13-15) Inventory Costing Method There are three methods of inventory costing method. These are:First – in First – out (FIFO)This method is based on the assumption that costs should be computed out in the order in which incurred. Inventory is thus stated in terms of recent costs. Last – in First – out (LIFO)is a method based on the assumption that goods should be charged out the latest cost be the latest cost be the first that are charge out. Inventories are thus stated in terms of earliest cost.Weighted average method is a method based on the assumption that goods should be charged out at an average cost such average being influenced by the number of unites acquired at the price. Inventories are stated at the same weighted average cost.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Cultural Adaptations to Heat Stress in Dry Environments

Cultural Adaptations to Heat Stress in Dry Environments Human beings have long inhabited hot environments, and have developed several physiological mechanisms in order to deal with heat stress. We are exposed to two kinds of heat stress, environmental and metabolic, on a regular basis. Heat can be gained from the environment through radiation, convection and conduction, as well as created during the course of metabolic activity, which is compounded by exertion. The heat gained from these sources must be balanced by convective heat loss to the environment and through the evaporative cooling mechanisms (Hanna and Brown). Failure of these cooling mechanisms can result in heatstroke, a serious condition which can cause severe damage to the central nervous system (Bouchama and Knochel 2002). Over reliance on evaporative cooling can lead to another debilitating condition, dehydration. Hot desert environments, such as those found in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, are a perfect storm of stresses on human heat tolerance. High ambient temp eratures maximize heat gain from the environment, while severely reducing our ability to lose both environmental and metabolic heat by convective means. This causes an increase reliance on evaporative cooling in order to deal with rising body temperature. Increased sweating, combined with the lack of readily available water in desert climates severely increases the risk of dehydration. Populations native to desert areas exposed to the dual stresses of heat and lack of water employ a variety of cultural adaptations in order to buffer their natural thermoregulatory processes. Primary amongst these adaptations is the creation of a favorable microclimate through the use of clothing and architecture. (Hanna and Brown). Human heat tolerance can be summed up through the equation; Mb + Ma + S = E + R + K + C In this equation Mb and Ma represent heat generated by the body through basal metabolic activity and physical activity respectively. S is representative of the amount of heat stored by the tissues of the body. The right side of the equation represents environmental heat, with E, R, K, and C standing for evaporation, radiation, convection and conduction, the primary methods by which heat is lost to, or gained from, the environment. Evaporative cooling takes place as water secreted by the endocrine glands onto the skins surface undergoes a phase change and draws heat away from the body. Radiative heat gain is based on the transference of wide span length electromagnetic waves. Factors such as an objects temperature, reflectance and surface area, as well as those of objects around it, affect the net heat flow through this mechanism. While there is a positive gain of radiant heat by the human body from the sun under all circumstances, environmental conditions can greatly affect the magni tude of this gain. Heat flow by conduction functions in a manner similar to diffusion, between materials in contact with one another and from high to low heat areas. Environmentally, conductive heat exchange can occur between the body and the ground, while with-in the body it is the mechanism by which heat is transferred from the core to the surface of the skin. Convective heat flow occurs between an object and a moving fluid. The movements of the fluid can carry heat away from the body; this is the reason why a cool breeze can be so refreshing on a warm day. When ambient temperatures are at or above body temperature, however, convective currents can significantly increase heat load, sometimes beyond the bodys ability to compensate through other means (Hanna and Brown). Heat stroke is caused by an elevation of body temperature, usually due to failure of cooling mechanisms caused by exposure to high external temperatures, and is the most severe form of heat illness. Exertion can accelerate the onset of heat stroke by increasing metabolic heat production in active muscles. Symptoms of heat stroke include confusion and irrational behavior, weak pulse, elevation of breathing rate and unconsciousness. Severe cases can cause brain damage and organ failure, leading to death. An early symptom of the onset of heat illness is profuse sweating, caused by the bodys attempts to return to homeostasis. Salt loss through this excess perspiration can lead to muscle cramps, while the increase in water loss itself further elevates risk of dehydration (Heat Emergencies). Dehydration is the result of an imbalance between fluid loss and intake. Illness is a common cause of this condition, especially in children and the elderly. Reliance on sweating as a cooling mechanism without adequately rehydrating is another frequent cause of this condition. In hot dry environments, where increased sweating is required in order to maintain body temperature, dehydration is particularly common. Cases of Dehydration can randge from mild to severe, depending on the percentage of overall body water lost. Mild dehydration is easily treatable, and has relatively few long term consequences. Severe dehydration, if not treated quickly can result in damage to the central nervous system or death. Symptoms of dehydration include low blood pressure due to reduced fluid volume, elevated heart rate, dry mouth, low urine production, and in severe cases, lethargy and coma. One sign of dehydration is a reduction in skin turgor. Reduced water levels in the tissues cause skin to lose its elasticity, causing it to slowly return to position after being pinched upwards (. Cultural adaptations can serve as a buffer between the environment and the body, allowing survival in environments where physiological responses would be inadequate for or impede survival. Remarkable examples of this are seen in the populations of Northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The populations native to these regions, such as the nomadic Bedouin and semi-nomadic Tuareg have developed specialized clothing and architecture that allow them to survive in some of the hottest, driest areas in the world, the Sahara and Arabian Deserts. The specialized material culture utilized by these groups facilitates the creation of a favorable microclimate around the body which allows them to maintain homeostasis without relying as strenuously on physiological mechanisms. A desert environment is defined by the KÃ ¶ppen-Geiger climate classification system as a region where the mean annual participation in mm is less than or equal to 5 Pth, which is defined by the following equation, In order to be designated as a hot desert, the region must also have a mean annual temperature greater than or equal to 18ÂÂ °C (Kottek et al). The Sahara Desert is the largest in the world, covering an area of 9,100,000 km2 across the breadth of North Africa. The central region of the desert receives less than 25 mm of rainfall annually, while regions on the eastern margin receiving as little as 5 mm annually. Rainfall is extremely sporadic when it does occur; a single storm sometimes accounts for multiple years worth of precipitation. The region is also amongst the hottest on earth, with temperatures exceeding 50ÂÂ ° C in the summer months. Diurnal variation in temperature can be considerable, the recorded maximum variation being 38ÂÂ ° C. Extreme winds are common in the Sahara, which when laden with dust make the environment even less hospitable. Underground aquifers occasionally break the surface and create oases amongst the otherwise barren landscape of stone plat eaus, salt flats and dunes (Berrahmouni and Burgess). The Arabian Desert is the dominant eco-region on the Arabian Peninsula, covering 1,851,300 Km2. Contained within the larger desert region is the vast Rubal-Khali, the Empty Quarter, which is the largest continuous area of sand in the world, stretching 500,000 km2. Salt flats and limestone cliffs are present in other regions of the desert. Average annual rainfall is less than 35mm, while temperatures average around 47ÂÂ ° C in summer. Temperatures drop significantly at night, sometimes reaching low enough for frost to form (Llewellyn-Smith). The Bedouin are a primarily nomadic pastoralist group located in the desert regions of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. Their subsistence is based around the raising of sheep, goats and camels, with limited dependence on seasonal agriculture in groups inhabiting regions with more predictable seasonal rains. The Bedouins traditional form of shelter is the bayt, a large rectangular tent constructed from sheeps wool. The roof is supported by a series of tall poles, while the walls of the tent are pinned onto the edge of the roof. The bottoms of the wall pieces are buried in the sand or pegged down, depending on the nature of the terrain. The interior is divided into sections, one for cooking and storage, the other for the entertaining of visitors. (Chatty) The tent is typically open along one of its long sides. This open wall, called the face of the tent or wej al bait, is on the leeward side. In the event of a sudden change in the wind, the back wall of then tent is unpinned and moved to what was formerly the face of the tent. In particularly hot weather parts of the side walls are unpinned to increase air flow throughout the tent. Carpets are sometimes employed to thicken the roof of the tent when the sun is stronger than usual (Dickson). When the wind is not particularly strong the side walls can be lowered entirely in order to maximize ventilation and cooling (Musil). The Bedouin traditionally dress in long, light garments that cover a majority of the bodys surface. For men, typical garments include a long tunic like shirt with wide sleeves that reaches to the ankles, loose trousers, a sleeveless cloak and a head cloth held in place by a woolen cord wound around the head. Womens clothing is similar, consisting of a long sleeved dress, black cotton over garment, loose trousers, cloak and various degrees of head covering, depending on the region the particular group hails from (Dickson). The Tuareg are a predominantly nomadic group inhabiting the nations of Mali, Algeria Niger and Libya. Different Tuareg groups practice widely different modes of subsistence, ranging from nomadic stock-breeding and trading to oasis gardening, although the latter is viewed with somewhat of a social stigma (Rasmussen). The Tuareg utilize a variety of both portable and non-portable dwellings, depending on their particular mode of subsistence. Nomadic Tuareg generally utilize a combination of mat and skin tents depending on regional conditions and availability of materials. Both of these tent forms follow the same basic layout, with the roof and sides suspended from a series of poles anchored in the substrate, while a wooden bed forms the floor of the structure. The particular arrangement of the poles varies significantly by region and preference, ranging from a small number of arches to a series of upright posts. The more sedentary groups amongst the Tuareg construct a variety of mud and mud coated stone houses, some of which are subterranean or semi-subteranean. These houses are typically rectangular, with small windows and flat roofs, although conical and domed forms are not uncommon in some regions of the Tuaregs territory. The most conspicuous aspects of traditional Tuareg clothing amongst both men and women are elaborate head coverings, taking the form of a veiled turban-like garment amongst men and a less elaborate head cloth for women. The mens veil, called a teguelmoust, is typically worn so that only a small space for the eyes is exposed. The amount of the face exposed varies considerably, however, depending on social circumstances. Mens garb consists of loose trousers and multiple sleeveless gandurah (a loose fitting cloak-like garment). Although sleeveless, the gandurah is loose enough that it typically extends below the hands. It is folded up over the forearms or shoulders when necessary to free the hands for manual labor. Womens costume includes either baggy trousers or a cotton skirt reaching to the knees, a gandurah similar to those worn by men but stitched higher on the sides, and a combination of shawl and headscarf made from the indigo dyed cotton popular amongst the Tuareg. This is often folded across the face for protection from the elements when riding or in the sun (Briggs). The primary benefit of clothing in a desert environment is its ability to minimize radiant heat gain by blocking solar radiation. Layers of clothing and air pockets caught between the layers insulate the body and prevent heat from being transferred to it. Baggy clothing allows for ventilation and air flow around the body, which encourage both convective and evaporative heat loss while still protecting the individual from environmental heat gain. Traditional populations in the regions of the Sahara and Arabian Deserts benefit from these concepts by dressing in layers of loose clothing that covers a majority of the body. A study performed by Henschel Hanson demonstrates the effectiveness of protective clothing in maintaining body temperature. This study demonstrated that acclimatized individuals wearing desert fatigues sweat 30% less than unclothed individuals when at rest, due to protection from radiant heat gain. Further benefit is seen in a lower core temperature and reduced heart rate relative to unclothed resting individuals. Clothing becomes less effective protection as metabolic heat production increases through exertion. The same study demonstrated that the benefits experienced by the individuals in desert fatigues were reduced by half (15% less than unclothed individuals) while engaged in physical labor (Hanna Brown). This reduction is due to an increased need to vent internally produced heat as compared to the benefit of preventing the uptake of environmental heat. The traditional clothing worn by the Bedouin and Tuareg is looser than typical fatigues, allowing for better circulating and larger pockets of insulating air, as well as providing superior protection to the head, neck and shoulders. This would likely increase the protective benefit gained by an individual at rest. The design of the clothing, allowing for more significant ventilation than desert fatigues, would likely allow an individual at work to still reap the maximum protective benefit w hile at the same time shedding metabolically generated heat. Another benefit of the head coverings worn by the Bedouin and Tuareg is their ability to protect the lungs and face from the desiccating effects of the hot dry winds. When pulled across the face, these veils can maintain a small pocket of air which is relatively humid compared to the environment, which greatly reduces the discomfort caused by exposure of the mucous membranes to the dry desert air (Briggs). Amos Rapoport describes in his book House Form and Culture several architectural traditions employed in hot dry climates that create favorable microclimates for human survival. Amongst these cultural adaptations are the use of stone and clay as building materials, small windows, use of courtyards, mutual shading and underground construction (Rapoport). Building materials such as stone or mud have a significant advantage in desert environments due to their high heat capacity. These materials function as a heat sink, absorbing radiant and convective heat during the day without significantly transferring heat to the shaded interior of the building. An added advantage to this style of architecture is its ability to hold onto heat gained over the course of the day, which can help deal with the low overnight temperatures common to deserts. A similar tactic is seen in underground construction. Dwellings constructed underground can take advantage of the tremendous heat capacity of the soil i tself to buffer interior temperatures from the outside environment. An example of this can be seen in the Matmata house found in parts of the Sahara. This structure takes the form of a series of subterranean rooms built around a central, pit-like courtyard. Upwards of 30 feet of earth shield the interior rooms from the heat of the sun, allowing the inhabitants to remain significantly cooler than they would be able to in an above ground structure (Rapoport). Surface Buildings in deserts are frequently constructed with few and small windows. This functions to reduce the amount radiant heat reaching the interior of the building directly. Placing windows high in the walls further serves this purpose. Permanent dwellings constructed by the Tuareg conform to these design standards; utilizing materials with a high heat capacity and minimizing opportunities for radiant and convective heat to enter the interior through windows or large doors (Nicholaison). The tents employed by the Bedouin cannot employ the techniques described above to the same degree, but instead function in a fashion similar to that of dessert clothing. Like the long robes worn by the Bedouin, the tent absorbs radiant heat, but prevents it from reaching the cooler microclimate within the tent. Attaching extra rugs to the roof of the tent in particularly hot weather furthers its ability to block and absorb radiant heat by increasing the amount of material able to take in heat and the distance that heat has to diffuse to reach the interior of the tent. The ability to adjust the walls of the tent in accordance with the need for ventilation and the strength of the wind also is a significant advantage. Ventilation can be adjusted in order to maximize air flow through the interior of the tent, and therefore cooling, while minimizing convective heating. Even with the back walls of the tent all the way up, enough air should penetrate through gaps in the panels to create a c urrent through the tent and out the front opening, removing hot air from the interior of the tent. The mat tents used by the Tuareg are thought to be vastly superior to the skin tents in the hot, dry season. They are better ventilated and, according to claims made by anthropologist Johannes Nicolaisen, the mat covering is not heated to any great extent by the sun (Nicolaisen, p. 375). Desert environments are extremely difficult conditions under which to live. They combine high ambient heat with a lack of water, pushing the human ability to maintain thermal homeostasis to its absolute limit. This taxing environment has encouraged the use of cultural adaptations to provide a buffer between the environment and the physiologic mechanisms necessary to keep cool. The primary areas in which these adaptations are applied are clothing and architecture. Loose, light clothing is utilized to block the absorption of radiant and convective heat from the environment, while at the same time creating an environment that maximizes convective and evaporative heat loss by creating a cycling zone of cool air next to the skin, allowing thermoregulation while only minimally engaging homeostatic mechanisms. Desert architecture utilizes high heat capacity materials and the earth itself as a heat sink to keep indoor temperatures at reasonable levels. The microclimate created through these cultural techniques provides a buffer zone that protects desert populations from the harmful effects of overtaxing their bodies cooling mechanisms and allows them to survive under some of the harshest conditions on earth.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Abortion: The Wrong Choice Essay -- The Truth about Abortion

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abortion? Is it the right or wrong thing to do? In this paper I will try to prove why I believe that it is wrong to have an abortion. Why have an abortion when you can have the baby and put it up for adoption after birth? When you have an abortion, you are committing manslaughter, murder. Some people may not think so, but they are. If the woman does not want to have a baby, then why did she take the risk by having sex? I believe that once you have found out that you are pregnant you should continue the process and see the pregnancy through to birth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The entire complex issue comes down to one question: Is the fetus a person?†(Gilbert,Intro-2). This question is the most important one to ask yourself before deciding whether or not to have an abortion. Some people ask doctors the same question, and their response would be to define â€Å"life†. After a discussion in 1981, the U.S. Senate decided that biological life starts at implantation. Many of the Pro-abortionists, however could not found one expert to prove that life starts at any other time than implantation. They were able to however to show an alternative viewpoint. It considers the continuum to run from sperm and egg, to single-cell zygote, to multi-cell blastocyst, to embryo, to fetus, to newborn, etc. This view is attractive because it supports the right of each mother and doctor to individually choose when in the continuum the fetus becomes a person(Gilbert,Med-2). This view though did not prove the ...

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Why was Italy not unified after the Congress of Vienna (1815)? :: essays research papers

Before the Congress of Vienna the French occupation had far reaching affects on Italy. The power of the Church and the Pope was reduced, changes were made in landownership and land was redistributed. A new middle class began to appear. Agriculture was improved and the peasants were freed from their old feudal ties and obligations. Then when Napoleon was defeated and the restoration of the old regime and monarchs was started, Italy again became a country divided into eleven independent states, excluding the tiny principalities and the Republic of San Marino. So Italy was not unified after the Congress of Vienna due to a number of reasons, such as the foreign influence of the Central European Powers, parochialism within the states, the lack of a common language and a strong economy coupled with the poor geography that separated Italy from itself and the rest of Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the major factors that contributed to Italy not being unified after the congress of Vienna was the impact of foreign influence. Before the restoration of the old regime in Italy state boundaries were rearranged a number of times, ending up with a division of the peninsula into only three parts instead of eleven states. One third, including Piedmont, was annexed to France, one third became the Kingdom of Italy, and Napoleon’s brother, Joseph, as the Kingdom of Naples, ruled the remainder. Yet at the restoration of the old regime in Italy after the Congress of Vienna, the Pope was among those who regained their positions. During the Napoleonic occupation successive Popes had been taken into exile in France, and the temporal power of the Pope as ruler of an Italian state had been declared at an end. But when the Pope returned he was intent on restoring temporal, as well as spiritual, control. The Papal States were divided into seventeen provinces, five of which were under the authority of Papal Legates, or Cardinals, who acted as provincial governors. The remainder, which were nearer Rome, were controlled by priests known as Delegates. The whole administration of the Papal States was in the hands of the clergy. The lay people had no part in government, apart from a few lay members of advisory bodies called ‘congregations’. Politically, Italy was fragmented. Further, half the states were governed by kings or dukes who already occupied or hoped soon to inherit the thrones of the non-Italian countries.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

TV Violence :: essays research papers

TV Violence A major topic of conversation nowadays is whether or not voilence on television causes children to bahave more violently. Shortly after I began to research this topic, I realized that it is not a clear cut issue. Evidence can be easily found to support each position. In the following essay I will examine the different positions that can ba taken on this topic and try ro form my own view on the affect violent TV has on chidren. The first position I will examine is the one in which it is believed that, without a doubt, violent TV increases the likelyhood that a child will behave in a violent manner. This stands is examined in the Maclean's article intitled,"Power to the people. Television's teen Rangers Kick up a storm. The author of this article, Particia Chrisholm, explains a heated debate over the affects that the kids show "The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" has on children. According to this article, the "hemeted lycra covered Rangers" acts as a bad influence on children. Many parents have come to believe that the childen try to act like the kids hreo's. A cocerned mother, Kathryn Flannery went so far as to petition the CRTC. The CRTC responded by saying that "the show is avassively to violent."(Chrisholm 1994 p.52) As a result of the petiton, many stations voluntarily refused to air the controversial kids show. This case shows the power that people can have over the CRTC. Unfortunately, the parents were not able to entirely shield their children from the Power Rangers TV show. Many US broadcasters, available on cable, continued to air the show. Another study that supports this belief that TV violence causes children to act more violently is an experiment conducted by Leonard Eron and his collegues. In these studies, Leonard Eron and his collegues studied childern for a number of years and measuread peer ratings obtained from each child's classmates. By doing this, they could see if violent TV changed the attitudes of the children. In the end, it was concluded that violent TV significantly affected the way in which the children behaved. The other position that can be taken when discussing this issue is one in which people believe that violent TV does not affect the behavior of children. In the Canadian Forum article, "TV and The Child Savers. Bad Habits and The Boob Tube" this position is discussed. The author, Thelma McCormack discusses the goals of the action group that refers to themselves as the Child Savers. According to this article, the Child Savers believe that "Programs which contain gratitous violence will not be shown on television.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Ptlls Assignment Essay

To ensure sessions’ aims and objectives are meaningful and applicable to students the teaching role incorporates ongoing administration and assessment. My role is to create a safe learning environment to establish open and trusting relationships. The main responsibility of the teacher is to continually reassess development and change during the course and create a seamless transition to ensure smooth delivery. Completing attendance record, maintaining records of learner’s progress, attending meeting includes my daily responsibility. It is my responsibility to monitor, evaluate and improve the quality and effectiveness of my delivery by taking into account learners changing needs. Boundaries ground our ethics; they are core to recognizing our limitations and realizing when changes may be needed. Being open to change and incorporating others’ input involves recognizing when boundaries must be revisited. Understanding when a student requires further help beyond your remit is a boundary which should be effectively utilized. Summarise key aspects of relevant current legislative requirements and codes of practice within a specific context: You need to be aware of key aspects of current legislation and codes of practice relevant to your subject and organization â€Å"(Ann gravells, 2008, p19) As an IT teacher in further education sector I have to be aware about â€Å"the Equal Opportunity Act (2006), The Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) and Disability Right Commission (DRC). They aim to eliminate discrimin ation, reduce inequality, protect human rights and to build good relations , ensuring that everyone has a fair chance to participate in the society. Apart from that, I have to be aware about Disability Discrimination Act (2005), Sex Discrimination Act (1975), Race Relation Act (1976), Data Protection Act(1998). As most of my students need a VISA from UKBA, I have to be aware about the UKBA rules and regulations as well. To work as a teacher in UK, I have to follow the code of conduct from LLUK. Review the points of referral available to meets the potential needs of learner: For students to effectively participate in learning any barriers or boundaries must be initially identified and then continuously monitored throughout the course. This promotes a sense of inclusion, equality and diversity at an individual level, which translates to a more beneficial group learning experience during the course. Financial pressures, reluctance to train, learning difficulties, travel issues, access to resources and cultural or peer pressure can all contribute to learners boundaries; however access to the course should be open to all regardless of race, religion, age, disability, gender or special needs. Collecting this data also helps identify areas that may require referral to scribes, counseling, creche facilities, health advice or a basic skills tutor in order to overcome obstacles. Discuss issues of equality and diversity, and ways to promote inclusion All learners are entitled to equal opportunities, and any communication with students should reflect this. Reece and Walker, (2000 p379) Promoting inclusion by identifying variation in needs ensures that learners have equality throughout their learning experience. Data collection through assessment etc is useful when analyzed, acted upon and continuously monitored to ensure consistency in equality. Promoting equality through more effective allocation and targeting of differing resources according to individual need is essential to the learning experience. Implementing different strategies throughout the holistic health and wellbeing course helps learners explore, question and develop an understanding of issues regarding diversity. Recognizing, differences and celebrating them through varying teaching methods responds to pupils’ diverse learning needs and supports learning activities which challenge prejudice and negative attitudes. Promoting diversity encourages widening participation and gives pupils the opportunity to share their own understanding while learning from their peers experiences. Justify the need for record keeping Teachers have to keep the records all the time which includes records of student’s information, improvement, weakness, learning difficulties, lectures etc. I always keep the record to comply with the legislation and code of conduct and practice as well. Without having any records about students, it is difficult to provide the equal opportunity of learning for the students. Understand appropriate teaching and learning in approaches in the specialist area. Identity, adapt and use relevant approaches to teaching and learning in relation to the specialist area When I teach I try to cater for all learning styles by using various teaching methods and strategies. These included PowerPoint slides, talking, Q&A, discussions, practical labs, writing and drawing on worksheets and using a whiteboard to collect and analyze information. Auditory learners’ may benefit from discussion, listening to presentations and questions and answers. Visual learners may benefit from whiteboard drawings, on-screen computer demonstrations, and handouts. Tactile/Kinaesthetic learners benefit more from the practical labs, building networks and producing their wn work. There are unique differences in the way people learn and we must recognise this and not regard individuals as one group or body of students. (Reece & Walker, 2002, p178) When students are reading the online material I try to walk around the class and aid any students who need it, I also try to make the teaching session as differential as possible with the morning covering presentations, discussio ns, Q & A and reading the online material and the afternoon covering mainly practical activities. [pic] The Learning Cycle Evaluate a range of ways to embed elements of functional skills in the specialist area I always embed numeracy, literacy and IT skills in my entire lesson. As I teach IT most of my session has practical session which depends on IT skill only. I always use power point presentation for my lecture as it is a effective way of learning. At the same time I do use white board and pens as well. I try to create some computer games to teach learners. By playing these games learners learner something while they enjoy the game. I use different case study and simulation software to give the understanding to the learners about the real world scenario and the industry standards. Evaluate the teaching and learning approaches for a specific session. Of leadership for an organization, industry or sector I always try to split the teaching sessions fifty fifty, in the morning we do the presentations, questions and answers and in the afternoon we do practical assignments and lab session. When participating in the lab session the students usually work in pairs. When teaching in the practical lab session, I also ensure that I am available for guidance and advice; I also give each student some personal time. When I could manage the time to go to every individual learner to find out the individual needs, I can help them most. Session like this can provide the maximum inclusive learning for the student if the number of learners is reasonable for me to give the personal support to everyone. I like these kind of session most as it can help the learners to learn something very easily. Demonstrate session planning skills Plan a teaching and learning session which meets the needs of individual learners I have found that, planning a session is the most important part for inclusive learning. I always spend reasonable time to plan my lesson properly. I try to make sure, all of my lesson will be the combination of literacy, numeracy and IT skills which will deliver most to a learner. In my lesson plan I describe what are the aims and objective of my lesson and how it will be meet. My lesson plan includes a session, which describes the situation after finishing the lesson. I always make sure there is enough plan to engage the learners with learning process which could be the assessing criteria for their learning as well. I always start my lesson with the review of the last class and I finish the lesson after having a quick review of present lesson. Planning for the resources, what I do use in my lesson, comes under my session planning. Without having enough resources I cannot deliver an inclusive learning session. The common resources I do use are the Power Point presentation, white board, pen and duster, different application software, computer, network etc. I normally do a presentation for the first twenty minutes of my teaching session, these sessions are planned so that the students do not have to use the computer and there is no interaction between computer and presentation, the reason for lack of interaction is that it can be very distracting for the students when they have to look from one to the other. After twenty minute presentation I always engage the students in conversation and ask them what they think of the chapter that they are studying and situations that it might apply to.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Protein Energy Malnutrition Essay

The article’s subject concerns the protein deficiency among infants in the Osun state of Nigeria. Nursing frequency and duration experienced a reduction during complementary food were introduced to infants in Osun. Mothers tend to be complacent in feeding their babies with complementary food, which result to the minimized breast-feeding of mothers that hinders the natural nutrition that these infants need.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a study conducted among Osun infants, they discovered that it was not a advisable for children at this age to be fed by such synthetic food. Consumption of such tends to halt the natural nourishment the babies need from their mothers. As early as two years old, babies were exposed already to complementary food, which is against the requirement of the World Health Organization (Ogunba, 2004). According to WHO, the amount of protein and calories (energy) that were consumed by infants were not above standard levels because these foods contain excess amount of carbohydrates alone (Ogunba, 2004). Obviously, the nutritional requirement of an infant is not met due to the outcome of early supplementation of these synthetic food. Infants’ natural diet should require constant breast-feeding in which they are enable to consume protein from milk. Unfortunately, this apt nutritional nourishment is ignored by the mothers in Osun (Ogunba, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a study conducted among Osun infants, protein energy malnutrition was discovered that it was in constant depletion. The lack of protein among the infants resulted to â€Å"stunting†. Stunting   has a significant presence in the rural areas, which is an indication of chronic under-nutrition in these areas (Ogunba, 2004). It was discovered that stunting was among the culprits of infant growth faltering, as a result from the consumption of complementary food, children from one to six months of age were experiencing a decrease in growth and health progress (Ogunba, 2004). Stunting is the most prevalent of the different manifestations of PEM (33.9 per cent), followed by underweight (21.0 per cent) and wasting (9.2 per cent) (Ogunba, 2004). Children need protein more than adults do because they are constantly growing and developing. The protein requirement of infants is per unit of body weight higher than those of adults. Reference Ogunba,B. (2004). Protein energy malnutrition in complemented breast-fed babies: implications of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the timing of complementary feeding. Nutrition & Food Science. Retrieved February 10,   Ã‚  Ã‚   2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://swtuopproxy.museglobal.com/MuseSessionID=af57a678251afeca8c38cca61826cae/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MuseHost=www.emeraldinsight.com/MusePath/Insight/ViewContentServlet?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0170340504.html

Disney: The Decision

Eisner and some of the executives were very interested in expanding and building a new theme park. When they were attending a meeting in Virginia, they were impressed by the post war restoration. The idea of building a theme park with American history as the main idea came to Eisner at that time. The idea became a plan and soon the executives of Disney found suitable land that was affordable with all amenities. An international airport was nearby; the land would not create any environmental issues. It was also near an interstate highway. The politicians of the state were also for development and growth.The land identified with all these benefits was in Prince William County in the heart of Virginia’s Piedmont region. What Eisner may not have known at that time was that the Piedmont region was home to some of Americas most influential and wealthy people. The region had also fought off several developmental projects from that area. Once the announcement was made by Disney about the building of the theme park, opposition started rising from most of the wealthiest people from the region. There was also opposition from various organizations like The Piedmont Environmental Council.Why Disney America was never built The various organizations started mounting negative publicity against Disney. Disney being an image conscious company was put in a dilemma. Eisner was of the view that the project had to go on. He was also supported by the Virginia’s Governor George Allen. In spite of various campaigns by Eisner, the opposition kept mounting against the project with historians and journalists joining the bandwagon against Disney. All the opposition finally caught up with Eisner who decided that continuing with the project was not worth it.The decision was made because Eisner knew that if the park was opened in spite of the opposition, after it was opened, it could lead to further trouble, especially from the historians. The need for focusing on the other proj ects and the risk to Disney’s reputation were the most important aspects that made Eisner decide not to go ahead with the project. Eisner decided that deciding not to go ahead with the project was the best option under the circumstances. If he had continued with the project, there could have been opposition from Historians who were already campaigning against the project.If Disney had to concentrate all its efforts on the Disney America project then there was a risk of losing focus on its other business concerns. There was also the risk of losing the reputation of Disney that had been built for years. These were the main reasons for ending the project, but the other reasons were because of the problems in the management of Disney where one key executive had died and another had resigned. There were also rumors that there was a leadership crisis in Disney. All these reasons made Eisner deciding against continuing the project.The best choice under the circumstances This was als o the best choice that Eisner had. The project seems to have become a personal ambition for him. He had made remarks in a press release that would not have benefited the company. He also took it upon himself to go ahead with the project. This led to irrational thinking. Monitoring various projects would have actually become difficult if the company had so many hurdles in just a single project. The situation for the Disney company at that time was not good with the EuroDisney making a huge loss and the number of visitors dropping.Fighting a legal battle with the opponents of the park in Piedmont would have drained the resources of the company financially. There is evidence to suggest that Historians would have found fault with the many historical scenes depicted in the theme park, if it had been built. The Piedmont community and the environmentalists were also preparing for a legal battle with monetary contributions pouring in. This would have led to a long legal battle if the park h ad been built. So it was best in the interests of the company that Eisner decided not to go ahead with the building of the Disney America theme park.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

How Does John Steinbeck Create the Theme of Loliness in of Mice and Men

The Theme of Loneliness in of Mice and Men Summary:    Loneliness plays an important role in John Steinbeck's novel Of Mice and Men. As Steinbeck illustrates through Curley's wife, Candy, and Crooks, companionship and a sense of belonging are vital to human happiness; all three characters face problems and negative feelings because of their loneliness and isolation. [pic] Loneliness is one of the primary themes in Of Mice and Men. Throughout the novel, John Steinbeck shows the enormous effect that loneliness has on the characters. Steinbeck most clearly illustrates this theme through Crooks, Candy, and Curley's wife. Ranch hands are ideal types of people to portray as being lonely, because their constant travel leaves them without someone to talk to or share things with. Steinbeck also shows how important it is for every human being to have a companion. Companionship is necessary in order for someone to live an enjoyable life. Although loneliness affects each one of the characters in Of Mice and Men differently, they all experience negative feelings from their lack of companionship. In Of Mice and Men, no other character outwardly conveys their loneliness more so than Curley's wife. She†¦.. Curly's wife is perhaps one of the most significant themes of loneliness in the novel. She flirts with all the guys on the farm and dresses and acts like a **** because her husband does not love her,leaves her alone all day and she's lonely. Weirdly enough,I felt sorry for her because she is trapped feeling lonely in a loveless marriage,and besides no one on the ranch ever really gives her a chance to be change,they just take one look at her and say â€Å"She's trouble†,or â€Å"I think Curly's wife is a tart†. †¢Crooks is another great theme of lonliness in the novel too. Because Crooks is African-American during the Great Depression,he is left out of the crowd at the ranch,and spends his days all alone in the stable,thus he is called The Stable Buck

Friday, September 13, 2019

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 33

English - Essay Example However we enjoyed the whole trip endlessly and I particularly have been longing to go back to this village ever since I have come back. It was a Thursday night that my father planned with our family that we should go to a nearby village. Since we had never seen that village, it turned out to be an interesting experience all the same. My father told us to get things ready and be on time come early morning the next day. My mother prepared food while I and my siblings arranged the necessary utensils that we would need for the trip. Since we were supposed to be away for 3 days, we told our neighbors in advance that we would be leaving the next morning and that they should take care of our place when we are not there. When we arrived at the village, it started to rain. We took shelter in the guest house in which we were supposed to stay. When it stopped raining, we saw a rainbow. I and my siblings saw a rainbow for the first time in our lives. My father described the whole procedure behind a rainbow and told us how it came into being. We were excited that such a thing existed in essence. The second day was filled with hiking rides over the mountain and we even went for chairlift rides. It was such an enjoyable experience that I do not have the right words to explain. I enjoyed the whole journey immensely and it made me feel very good. My father acted as a guide during our trip and he basically guided us through thick and thin, explaining things which were completely new to us. He also told us how to do trekking over the mountain and how to come back downhill. We took about 3 hours to go to the hilltop but came back in just 30 minutes. This thing amazed me endlessly and explained quite a lot of th e laws of physics which I read in my physics course at school. I took guidance from my father whenever I experienced any anomaly in understanding the different nuances of the trekking trip. The third day saw us packing our bags in the

Thursday, September 12, 2019

System Analysis and Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

System Analysis and Design - Assignment Example The technique employs models that can perform one function at a time. The flexibility of tackling numerous project functions at a time is limited. The traditional approach traverses numerous phases. The software upkeep practices in this approach are multifarious. Special techniques apply in access codes for the development of efficient IT systems. The analysis segment in the software development entails an in-depth comprehension of the desires of the end user. The elucidations for the design of the models in this approach require the compatibility of the foci subjects. The design of the model depends on the on the experience and the acquaintance of the software designer. The object-oriented approach is preferable as a system development technique. The object-oriented system is flexible to changing design prerequisites and allows the recycle of codes. This approach creates a system in which the different models function together in software development. This approach centers on information and functionality while the traditional approach centers on system functions. There would be ease in utilizing the object-oriented approach. Flexibility and efficient utilization of software resources mark the advantage of the object-oriented system over the traditional approach. The object-oriented approach includes the most common programming languages such as Java. These languages are easier to comprehend as the center on the subject. The structured analysis methods are older than the object-oriented approach. Large firms operating enormous software systems utilize structural analysis methods to efficiently run their systems. They offer the principles requisite for understanding software development. The old and new generations understand the operation of the structured analysis method.  

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

The Emerge of Islam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Emerge of Islam - Research Paper Example This resulted to civilization because it benefited the regions around for prosperity. It is arguable that the success of Islam in Palestine and Egypt is attributable to the effective administration that the Arabs employed in their conquered states. Religious accommodations largely influenced Islam in the ancient period thus establishing an empire that eventually spread to Egypt and Palestine among other countries. Egypt, for instance, since the beginning of the 700 A.D., embraced Islam to help define different features of its institutions and infrastructure. (Emon et al, p. 323). Additionally, Islam in Egypt found a public role in shaping the masses’ thinking and doctrines to aid them during the decision making periods. This was notable with the popularity of Islam amongst peasants and uneducated religious preachers in the rural areas unlike in the urban regions mostly inhabited by upper and upper middle class Muslims. According to these upper class Muslims, religion was a pri vate affair. In this perspective, it was upon the person to identify effective ways of supplicating before Allah. However, this negative attitude did not stop the rise of Islamic religious revival movements in the country. The movements eventually transcended class lines because they acted as a unifying factor in facing challenges such as inequality, poverty and oppression among others. By permitting women to receive education and conduct business unlike for Christians, Islam thrived immensely and affirmed its Empire in Egypt and Palestine among other states. Ancient and Historical Mosques found in Egypt. It is crucial to highlight of Arab unity that helped Muslims challenge the surrounding empires. The initial Islamic caliphs viewed conquests as a means of deflecting their control out of Arabia. There were powerful motives that transcended mere need for having new converts. Both the Persian and Byzantine Empire were strategic for attack, but the Persian Empire was an easier option. A powerful monarchy controlled the empire and suppressed the powerful occupants. The authorities instituted an imperial religion, Zoroastrianism, which attracted limited enthusiasm from the populace. The Arabs experienced limited resistance from the empire and this enabled the armies to oust all the emperors by 650 CE. The Byzantine Empire, in Egypt and Palestine, faced limited resistance from the subtle Christians. Furthermore, the Arabs possessed a special ability in naval wars. Islam’s development built an inherent strategy of uprooting civilizations (Roald and Longva, p. 63). The Romans and Greeks had helped entrench formidable political, economic, and cultural elements. For instance, in the Palestinian coasts, the Greek civilization was deeply rooted. These places were instrumental in the conquests’ struggle as the Arabs rose against the Byzantines. Gaza is a notable as an instrumental place in this struggle since it helped connect Palestine and Egypt (Hugh 88). Due to its strategic economic location, it became a major target for the conquering Islam forces. The conquests strove to retain the classical economic gains. After the defeat of the Byzantine forces at Yarmuk, the military triumph helped inspire

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

Plato and the Platonic dialogues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plato and the Platonic dialogues - Essay Example In this effort Socrates bravely presents arguments relating to the need to life the examined life, as without living a life of purpose and meaning he believes there is no purpose in existence. Conversely, philosopher Robert Nozick in his book the Examined Life revisits this question of living a life of examination, yet considers it from a slightly different perspective than the one Plato advances through Socrates. This essay considers Plato’s characterization of the examined life through his dialogues Euthyphro and the Apology, examines Nozick’s conceptualization in the Examined Life, and contrasts the two philosophers views on the subject. One of the most seminal of Plato’s dialogues, the Apology constitutes Socrates’ argument to the Athenian court for his innocence. In considering this line of reasoning it’s important to consider the broader implications of Socrates argument. It seems that Socrates is indicating that in Meletus and the Athenian co unsel harming Socrates they are doing so in a sort of bad faith. Socrates believes that in being a better person than Meletus he has chosen to live his life virtuously. In living his life virtuously Socrates has contributed to society and lived his life in productive ways. He has also worked towards achieving his own sense of purpose and meaning; in Socrates’ instance, it seems that he believes this to be living honestly and spreading his wisdom and intellect to the Athenian youth. If Meletus were to have Socrates killed, which he is attempting.

Monday, September 9, 2019

Mcdonalds Organizational Analysis Research Paper

Mcdonalds Organizational Analysis - Research Paper Example McDonald Company was created in 1937by Richard and Maurice McDonald, at a tiny drive-in restaurant east of Pasadena, California (Tassiopoulos, 2008). It’s a multinational company with head offices in 52 countries. Its first franchise was in 1954 by a man known as Roy Kroc, who was given an exclusive deal to franchise McDonald in America. There are over 11,000 restaurants in over 60 countries serving 22million customers. McDonald Company has expanded that it is not only a hamburger company, but it has also become a real estate company (Tassiopoulos, 2008). Since 1954 McDonald has gained 22427 franchised units.McDonalds expansion outside the United States began in 1967, and â€Å"by the early 1990’s, it had 3,600 operations in 58 countries†. The company began with French fries, hamburgers, cheeseburgers, and soft drinks. Over the years, the company has also introduced other products, with some being successful in the market and others lacking customer approval. Amo ng the successful products are the Fish sandwich, ready to eat salads, Chicken McNuggets, McFlurry desserts, and McMuffin, while those that lacked approval include the pasta, pizza, fajitas, fried chicken, McLean Deluxe sandwich, and the Deluxe and Arch Deluxe burgers (Julian, 2006).Technology has always been at the focal point of the McDonald’s company making it top among competitors, and giving it the ability to always provide quality products. The company has also been very aggressive in engaging in promotional activities.... Over the years, the company has also introduced other products, with some being successful in the market and others lacking customer approval. Among the successful products are the Fish sandwich, ready to eat salads, Chicken McNuggets, McFlurry desserts, and McMuffin, while those that lacked approval include the pasta, pizza, fajitas, fried chicken, McLean Deluxe sandwich, and the Deluxe and Arch Deluxe burgers (Julian, 2006). Technology has always been at the focal point of the McDonald’s company making it top among competitors, and giving it the ability to always provide quality products. The company has also been very aggressive in engaging in promotional activities aimed at marketing the products and expanding the market share(Julian, 2006). The company has maintained good values since its establishment, especially in protecting the environment. Julian points out that â€Å"one notable effort: wrapping hamburgers in paper instead of plastic resulted in a 90 percent decrea se in waste† (2006, p. 645). The diversity in the workforce of McDonald’s has been a great base to gaining and maintaining a huge and diverse customer base. People with disabilities, as well as those of all races and ethnicities are represented in the company. Equal representation of both genders has also been key in the company through a plan that it launched centuries ago known as the diversity strategy. Career development workshops mainly focusing on women, and diversity training has always been offered ever since the introduction of the strategy. According to Pride, Hughes, and Kapoor, â€Å"McDonald’s encourages the hiring and training of employees with diverse ethnic backgrounds. Hiring a diverse mix of employees helps

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Essay Question Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Question - Essay Example This category comprised of 14% of the whole sample. The next category was ordinary users. This comprised a moderately 27% of the whole cluster analysis. The third category was the irregular users. The irregular user encompassed 14% of the total population sample. The largest category was thee basic users, who comprised an enormous 45%. In order to obtain this analysis, Chi-Square analysis method was used. This analysis showed important relationships between the various kinds of technology identified. The analysis also showed the various universities which the students attended. It also reveals the various genders of the students, their age, and their countries of origin. The last ten years has shown a lot of development in the type of technology that is being employed today. The technology skills have improved greatly. Students have changed their preferences and their experience is biased towards the direction of technology. The result in the next few years will be that all the students will be â€Å"digital natives.† These students will have homogenous group characteristics that require a wide range of experience and improved skills in in using information and communication technology. In recent years, there has been an empirical research that has been conducted by other different researchers concerning the Net Generation students. This research reveals an increasing level of technology that is being adopted and used. However, the findings are below those predicted by the Net Generations or the digital natives’ rhetoric. The researches shows a large number of students often use an established technology. For example emails and web browsing. However, there is only a few of this students sub-groups who used more advanced or a recent technology and tools. While classifying the various groups in a broader manner, another researcher found out that 31% of all the American adults were elite technology users while 20% were mid-level

Saturday, September 7, 2019

Manage Accountability --budget Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Manage Accountability --budget - Assignment Example A budget is a forecast or an estimation of the expected income or revenue and a projection of the intended expenses and how these expenses will be funded. Budgeting is a process that not only lies with the financial department but with the whole management since it requires making decisions regarding the projects to be funded, the expenses to be cut down to reduce the cost and other decisions regarding capital investments, marketing and so forth. This purpose of this paper is to categorically prove why the decision to revert the budget from improvement of a local county highway to expand an interstate freeway, was a viable decision in line with management accountability and cost benefit application. The best procedure I will implement in an effort to analyze the utilization of those funds is the zero-based budgeting procedure. This system of budgeting requires that all departments in a firm to justify all allocations and expenses for each new period and not relying on past expenditure trend (Bhattacharrya, 2011). This system assumes that there is neither carrying forward of balances nor existence of current obligations. The requirement is that all activities in the period will be implemented on the basis of cost-benefit analysis, which advocates for a systematic resource allocation criteria. It is with no doubts that this system will suit this project. This is because this process comes as an alternate to the others and is fully funded. This means there would be no need at all to revisit the past expenditure plan. The system helps to identify areas that result to wasting resources and elimination. This is the common goal of every organization as a means of benefiting from cutting costs of unessential areas (Bhattacharrya, 2011). In a survey carried in 2009 of government Budget Transparency, found out that the misuse